Chapter 2 Population and Health CLICK TO WATCH

Demography Studies population and population characteristics Looks at where, why and the scale of population in different regions Predicts future growth and identifies potential population issues CLICK TO EXPLORE

DemographERS Describe where people are found across Earth’s space Look at reasons why population is growing/shrinking Analyze how a more connected Earth affects health risks

Overpopulation Occurs when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them Is the world overpopulated As a whole? In some regions/at a local scale? Will the world become overpopulated?

Measuring Population Geographers use measures: Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Crude Death Rate (CDR) Natural Increase Rate (NIR) Make sure you understand how these are calculated!

Crude Birth Rates Fig. 2-8: The crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of births in a country per 1000 population per year. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest rates are in Africa and several Asian countries.

Crude Death Rates Fig. 2-9: The Total fertility rate (TFR) is the number of children an average woman in a society will have through her childbearing years. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest are in Africa and parts of the Middle East.

Natural Increase For most of human history, NIR was basically zero Today’s NIR is 1.2- about 82,000,000 added each year NIR affects doubling time- at today’s rate, it is 54 years LDCs have much higher NIRs than MDCs- 95%!

Natural Increase Rates Fig. 2-7: The natural increase rate (NIR) is the percentage growth or decline in the population of a country per year (not including net migration). Countries in Africa and Southwest Asia have the highest current rates, while Russia and some European countries have negative rates.

World Population Growth 1950 - 2005 Fig. 2-6: Total world population increased from 2.5 to over 6 billion in slightly over 50 years. The natural increase rate peaked in the early 1960s and has declined since, but the number of people added each year did not peak until 1990.

Total Fertility Rate The average amount children a women will have throughout her life Varies greatly by region (LDCs and MDCs) For the world its around 3 In Africa its around 5 In USA and Europe around 2

Changes in Fertility Rates

Life Expectancy at Birth Fig. 2-11: Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. The highest life expectancies are generally in the wealthiest countries, and the lowest in the poorest countries.

Percent of Population Under Age 15 Fig. 2-12: The crude death rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a country per 1000 population per year. Because wealthy countries are in a late stage of the Demographic Transition, they often have a higher CDR than poorer countries.

Same Data… Different Form

Tools of the Demographer: Population Pyramids What do population show us about population?

Population Pyramids Used to… Analyze growth and decline of populations See patterns among/between age groups and genders Get specific information about countries Make predictions about future trends and needs

Population Pyramids Explained! CLICK TO WATCH

Called Age Structure Diagrams/Shows Sex Ratio DEPENDENCY RATIO SHAPES ARE CLUES Peak life expectancy LOOK AT ALL THE DATA Base birthrates Sides death rates Length of Bar% of total population

Time to Practice!

Population Pyramid of the U.S.

Population Pyramids in U.S. Cities

___?___ Growth in Cape Verde

___?___ Growth in Chile

___?___ Growth in Denmark

Once Again- Just For Fun! Click on any image to learn more! Animation Song Lecture Rap

Key Issue 3 Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries?

Demographic Transition CLICK TO LEARN

Thinking Like A Geographer How/why do demographers use the DTM? How does the DTM show population change over time? Is the DTM still hold true /relevant?

Is the DTM Still Relevant? Critics Say… Based on England only Population growing much faster then ever before Graying Population living loner than ever Medical Revolution- 1900’s

Think About It…

Declining Birth Rates A result of Better education for girls and women and knowledge of health care Widespread use of family planning/contraception (NOT a universally accepted practice)

Use of Family Planning Fig. 2-22: Both the extent of family planning use and the methods used vary widely by country and culture.

Malthus on Overpopulation Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus was an English demographer best known for his pessimistic but highly influential views Argued that the population would out run their food, because food increased mathematically and population increased exponentially. Believed war, disease, or famine would equalize population growth unless people used “moral restraint” (February, 1766 – December 23, 1834)

Neo-Malthusians Claim that more LDC’s are in stage 2 of the demographic transition that ever before in history, thus putting a larger strain on the food supply Believe population growth is out-stripping not just food production, but a wide variety of resources, such as oil and natural gas Argue that population will be in check because of the scarcity of food will increase war, disease and death

Malthus Critics Not all resources are “fixed” Marxist theory believes that there is enough food as long as it is shared amongst the people Population could increase the economy and technology therefore providing solutions Agriculture is expanding not fixed

Food & Population, 1950-2000 Malthus vs. Actual Trends Fig. 2-20: Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food production, but food production actually expanded faster than population in the 2nd half of the 20th century.

Malthus in Theory… and In Reality On a global scale, the theory does not hold true for the last 50 years- advances in food production have also increased For many, food is available but not affordable

Japan’s Population Decline Japan’s NIR is shrinking Will impact the dependency ratio Immigration is not encouraged Mothers encouraged not to work

Population Futures… Stage 5? Demographers predict the global population will be 9.5 billion by 2050 The majority of the growth will be in LDCs MDCs may move into Stage 5 of the DTM CBRs are lowering, but CDRs are rising (many more elderly)

India’s Population Policies 1st country to develop government family planning program Educate women about birth control, clinics and free birth control devices Legal abortions Sterilization in return for a payment

China’s Population Policies CLICK TO LEARN MORE In 1980, the Chinese government began a temporary one-child policy Need a government permit to have a child Age restrictions on marriage Rewards for having just one child Wealthy families sometimes pay a fee for a second child