Chapter 3 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 3 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate Kiehl and Trenberth (1997)

Energy Balance at the TOA (Ch. 2) Planetary albedo Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) Net incoming radiation Movie of net incoming radiation Zonal mean net radiation at TOA

Why do we global wind patterns (general circulation)? Unequal heating of tropics and poles

General Circulation of the Atmosphere

Radiative Forcing

The greenhouse effect Solar radiation Long-wave radiation 236 Wm-2 Equivalent T = 255 K (-18ºC) 390 Wm-2 T = 288 K (+15ºC)

Nuclear Configuration and Permanent Dipole Movement Symmetric, linear molecules (Both ends look the same) Nonlinear or bent Have pure rotation bands

Vibrational Modes of Diatomic and Triatomic Molecules

Atmospheric Absorption Nitrous Oxide Atmospheric Absorption Methane Solar radiation passes rather freely through earth's atmosphere, but earth's re-emitted longwave energy either fits through a narrow window or is absorbed by greenhouse gases and re-radiated toward earth. Ozone Absorption (100%) Water Vapor Carbon Dioxide UV IR Total Atmo Wavelength

Spectra of outgoing radiation from Earth observed by IRIS on Nimbus 3

Cloud forcing = cloudy – cloud-free Clouds and Radiation 1. Cloud maps 2. Radiation plots Cloud forcing = cloudy – cloud-free NET = SW + LW

Thermal equilibrium profiles

The Enhanced greenhouse effect Solar (S) and longwave (L) radiation in Wm-2 at the top of the atmosphere S L 236 236 S L 236 236 S L 236 236 S L 236 236 T = -18°C CO2 x 2 + Feedbacks H2O (+60%) Ice/Albedo (+20%) Cloud? Ocean? CO2 x 2 CO2 x 2 TS = 15°C TS = 15°C DTS ~ 1.2K DTS ~ 2.5K

The climate system

The Development of Climate models, Past, Present and Future Mid 1950s Late 1960s Early 1980s Mid 1990s Present day Late 2000s? Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Land surface Land surface Land surface Land surface Land surface Ocean & sea-ice Ocean & sea-ice Ocean & sea-ice Ocean & sea-ice Sulphate aerosol Sulphate aerosol Sulphate aerosol Non-sulphate aerosol Non-sulphate aerosol Carbon cycle Carbon cycle Atmospheric chemistry Sulphur cycle model Non-sulphate aerosols Off-line model development Strengthening colours denote improvements in models Ocean & sea-ice model Land carbon cycle model Carbon cycle model Ocean carbon cycle model Atmospheric chemistry Atmospheric chemistry Modified based on John Houghton

Coupled atmosphere / ocean climate model Radiation Atmosphere: Density Motion Water Heat Exchange of: Momentum Water Ocean: Density (inc. Salinity) Motion Sea Ice Land

THE HADLEY CENTRE THIRD COUPLED MODEL - HadCM3 30km 19 levels in atmosphere 2.5 lat 3.75 long THE HADLEY CENTRE THIRD COUPLED MODEL - HadCM3 1.25 1.25 20 levels in ocean -5km

Physical Feedbacks Water vapour Ice albedo Clouds Oceans Ice sheets

Cloud Radiation Feedback

Cloud radiation feedback

Global average change in T /C

Model Estimates of Cloud Radiative Forcing with CO2 Doubling Cloud forcing = cloudy – cloud-free NET = SW + LW

Effect of cloud feedback formulation on climate prediction Feedback scheme Global Av Temp change,C for doubled CO2 RH 5.3 CW 2.8 CWRP 1.9 after Senior & Mitchell, Hadley Centre

Net cloud forcing: January to July Hadley Centre

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