Chapter 20: Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology 20A: What is a Human? pg 622 20B: The Integumentary System pg 632 20C: The Skeletal System 20D: the Muscular System

20A: What is a Human? Homework (turn in all assignments on Google Classroom) RQ pg 626 KT & RQ pg 630 Anatomical Quiz 20A Quiz - do in class

Four Basic Levels of Human Behavior Innate – behaviors that are inborn Reflex – automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus Example: pulling hand away from hot stove Instinct – complex reactions to various stimuli Example: hard to determine what is instinct and what is learned Learned – conditioned behavior, learned by repetition and often motivated by reward or punishment Example: crawling, walking, drinking from a cup, “going to the potty” Intelligent Behavior marked by analysis, thought, emotion, reasoning, use of tools, and use of symbols; motivated by reasoning or intelligence Example: writing and reading Spiritual The highest level of human reaction, more than just intelligence directing behavior Turning to God for salvation and abundant life, or rejecting God, and spending eternity in hell, and life on earth to fulfill self

Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy Physiology Anatomical Position How a structure is shaped, where it is found, and of what it is made Physiology Concerned with the function of a structure *Be able to give the direction and area on a human body using terms based on the body being in the anatomical position Anatomical Position A person standing, arms at side, with toes, palms and face facing forward

Relative Directions in Anatomical Position Anterior (ventral) – toward the front (stomach side) Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back Superior – upward; toward the head Inferior – downward; toward the feet Superficial – on or near the surface Deep – toward the inside Proximal – a location closer to the trunk of the body, or another specified reference point Distal – away from the trunk; the opposite of proximal Lateral – toward the side from an imaginary line that divides the body into halves Medial – closer to the midline in relation to another part Transverse – a line that divides the body into a superior and inferior portion Sagittal – a line that divides the body into right and left portions

Histology The study of human tissues Vascular tissue – has blood vessels running through it (example: muscle tissue) Avascular tissue – has no blood running through it (example: epithelial tissue)

Four Groups of Human Tissue Connective Tissue Epithelial Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue

Connective Tissues Most abundant and diverse Support, connect, and protect other body structures Usually connective tissue cells are not adjacent to each other, but have matrix between them Matrix – nonliving material present in tissue, which is secreted by the tissue’s cells Four types of matrix Solid matrix: Example: bone Fluid – Example: blood – carries blood cells Fibrous – Example: ligaments and tendons – permits flexibility Gel – Example: cartilage of nose and ear – soft mixed with fibers

Connective Tissues

Epithelial Tissue Layers of cells that cover or line the external surfaces like the various organs and blood vessels Vary in thickness from a single layer, lining capillaries to multiple layers forming the skin Covers and lines to protect, secrete, absorb, and filter

Muscle Tissue Composed of cells that contract Moves and supports 3 types Skeletal move the body (arms, legs, face) Smooth performs function that are not controlled voluntarily, such as moving food through the digestive system Cardiac Found only in the heart and pumps blood throughout the body

Nervous Tissue Has irritability Contain cells that receive and transmit electrochemical impulses from muscles, glands, and other nerve cells Coordinates muscular movements, interprets sensations received from the environment and controls thought processes and emotions

Organs & Systems Organs Systems Tissue groups that work together to accomplish a specific function One organ may contain more than one type of tissue The heart contains tissues from all four groups Organs grouped together that have related functions

Four Main Body Cavities Cranial cavity Houses the brain Spinal cavity Surrounds the spinal cord Thoracic cavity Contains the heart, respiratory organs, and esophagus Abdominal cavity Contains the digestive, reproductive, and excretory organs *The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the diaphragm