KNOW YOUR CONTROL FLUID Simon McManus Technical Director MacDermid Plc Offshore

MacDermid Canning Offshore Fluids Supply NORWAY ABERDEEN WIGAN HOUSTON SINGAPORE BRAZIL SOUTH AFRICA AUSTRALIA

Types Of Control Fluid Oil-based, synthetic hydrocarbons. Water-based, mainly water and glycol

Main Properties Required By a Subsea Control Fluid Low Viscosity Low Compressibility Higher SG than Seawater Compatibility with Seawater Environmentally Friendly Lubrication Corrosion Protection Resistant to Microbiological Attack

Components in Water-Based Fluids Water (Distilled) Mono-Ethylene-Glycol (MEG) Lubricants (Boundary) Corrosion Inhibitors Biocides Surfactants/Dispersants Dye.

Advantages of Water-Based Fluids Low Toxicity and High Biodegradability Viscosity of Water More Compatible With Seawater Low Compressibility Fire Resistant SG Similar to Seawater (Slightly Higher is an Advantage)

Water-Based Fluids Oceanic HW 540, HW525, HW560 Oceanic HW 443, HW418 Castrol Transaqua HT, EE1, EE2 Aqualink Fluids

Oceanic HW 500 Series 20 Year Track Record First Project was The Sun Balmoral The 5 signifies 5% additives (lubricants, inhibitors etc) The last two digits signify the glycol content.

Oceanic HW540 Most common fluid in the North Sea 40% MEG Molybdenum based lubricant Amine corrosion inhibitor Requires antifoam during flushing Temperature limits -25°C to 90°C

Trapped Air In HW540 Air Gaps HW 540 Water Vapour from the Fluid can cause Corrosion in Steel Pipes or Components

Over-Heating HW540 pH could fall Fluid will turn from blue to green Small non abrasive black particles of molybdenum will drop to the bottom.

Heavy Seawater Contamination of HW 540 A thin layer of oily material could form on the surface The fluid will turn from blue to green Molybdenum and insoluble abrasive white salt sinking to the bottom.

Oil Contamination in HW540 Oil layer will form at around 3-4% contamination White emulsion will form and over extended periods bacteria could grow in the oil water interface Fluid will go cloudy Oil that sinks in Oceanic fluids will probably be plasticiser from hose material.

Oceanic HW443 More tolerant to seawater intrusion Has a Vapour Phase Inhibitor (VPI) Contains fluorescent dye Has a 10 year track record First project Total Ellon/Dunbar Temperature range -25 to 140°C Less toxic than HW540 No antifoam required

Oceanic HW740 Can withstand 50% seawater intrusion Very good VPI Contains fluorescent dye Temperature range -25 to over 150°C Same Lubrication as HW540 Less toxic than HW540 and also much more biodegradable

Vapour Phase Testing COMPETITOR OCEANIC HW 443

Hydrostatic Pressure Head WATER-BASED HYDRAULIC FLUID SEAWATER HYDRAULIC OIL Foinaven 400-600m 61.5 BAR 49.56 BAR 63.3 BAR 11.94 BAR - 1.8 BAR Girasol 1405m 144 BAR 116 BAR 148 BAR 28 BAR -4.2 BAR

Hydrostatic Pressure Head Water-based Oil-based

Seawater Migration Start of Test 6 min 3 hrs 3 days

Seawater Migration

Pressure Differentials

Long Umbilical Lengths

Long Umbilical Lengths Pressure 1 BAR Water-based Hydrocarbon-based

Extreme Water Depth Reliability is paramount due to work-over cost. Stability of the fluid and compatibility is essential. Static pressure head becomes significant.