Instructor: Dr. Yasir A. Elsheikh Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering CHPE202 Instructor: Dr. Yasir A. Elsheikh

Chemical engineering has a bright future as it will bridge science and engineering in the multidisciplinary environments. PRODUCT DESIGN & PROCESS INNOVATIONS chemistry, molecular biology, biomedicine, biotechnological industry, electronics industry, high performance materials industry, & control of compositions.

Chemical Engineers’ Outstanding Achievements 1. Synthetic ammonia 2. Commercial-scale production of antibiotics, 3. Establishment of the plastic industry, 4. Production of fissionable isotopes ... materials for the atomic energy field النظائر الانشطارية

Chemical Engineers’ Outstanding Achievements... cont 5. Production of petrochemicals, 6. Production of aluminium, 7. Establishment of synthetic fibre industry, 8. Establishment of synthetic rubber industry, 9. Production of chemical fertilizers, 10. Development of high octane gasoline.

The significance and effectiveness of chemical engineering lies not in itself, but how it interacts with its environment.

However Chemical engineers must have some understanding of psychology and international relations of social organizations and of the clash of cultures. They must understand labor laws, health insurance, safety, pollution abatement, and local customs and cultural values.

What is the difference between a chemical engineer and a chemist? works in test tubes small quantities batch constant-T experiments small containers a catalyst is added and reactions proceed with time

What are the typical activities a chemical engineer works with? DEVELOPMENT : to commercialize (scale up) a chemical process Lab size process  pilot plant  plant

The Chemical Engineer specifies: Process flow rates and conditions 2.DESIGN : A team of engineers design the commercial plant, based on experience and data obtained from the Lab size process and the pilot plant. The Chemical Engineer specifies: Process flow rates and conditions Equipment types and sizes Materials of constructions Process configuration Control systems Safety systems Other

3.CONSTRUCTION : Assembling of all components into a complete plant 4.MANUFACTURING : running the plant or operations and production. Things that are important and relevant: efficiency safety design modifications reduce costs improve product quality reduce pollution

5. TECHNICAL SALES 6. RESEARCH

UNITS AND DIMENSION Why do we need units ? We need units because we want to measure the amount or quantity of some things. To make this measurement acceptable we need to put some Unique measurement value. This value is called a UNIT Units are classified to many types: Metric system (European and other countries) Foot-Poundal system (USA)

Systems of units A system of units has the following components: Base units: for mass, length, temperature, electrical current, and light intensity. Multiple units: multiples or fraction of base units such as minutes, hours, and milliseconds, all of which are defined in terms of base units of a second. Derived units: obtained as: a) Multiplying or dividing base or multiple units (cm2, ft/min, kg.m/s2). Derived units of this type are referred to as compound units. b) As defined equivalents of compound units (e.g. 1 erg=1 g.cm/s2)

What are dimensions ? Dimensions are physical quantities like length, mass, time which uniquely characterizes an object. If say you want to measure the distance then its dimension is the Length (L) For matter its mass (M) For clock it’s the time (T) If you are measuring a very big quantity then bigger units are needed. However, units can be small and big…

Units are used to measure the physical quantities: Meter for example is the metric unit for length Kilogram is the unit for mass Second is the unit for time

3 kg + 4 seconds = …..? meaningless like 3x + 4y = ? 1 hp = 745.699872 watts Treat the units as ALGEBRAIC symbols, i.e. you can add, subtract, or equate like units but not unlike units. 3 kg + 5 kg = 8 kg 3x + 5x = 8x 15 cm - 12 cm = 3 cm 15x - 12x = 3x But 3 kg + 4 seconds = …..? meaningless like 3x + 4y = ?

Conversion Factor

Dimensions, units and their conversion

American System of Units

HW Test your self. Page 15

Force and weight The weight of an object is the force exerted on the object by gravitational attraction. The weight of an object (w) = mass of the object (m) x the gravitational acceleration (a). According to Newton’s law of motion: F = m x a F = [M] x [L/T2] = [MLT-2] SI units: F = kg.m.s-2 (newton) CGS units: F = g.cm. s-2 (dyne) American Engineering units: lbm.ft. s-2 lbf = 32.17 lbm.ft. s-2 g = 9.8066 m/s2 = 980.66 cm/s2 = 32.17 ft/s2

Force and weight Example: Water has a density of 62.4 1bm/ft3. How much does 2 ft3 of water weigh: (1) at sea level and 45◦ latitude. (2) in Denever, Colorado, where the altitude is 574 ft and the gravitational acceleration is 32.139 ft/s2. Given: 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm.ft/s2 Solution:

Example: Convert the following quantities to the ones designated: 1.5 m/hr to cm/min. 1.5 m2/hr to cm2/s. 42 ft2/hr to mm2/s. 1.987 cal/(gmol)K to Btu/(lbmol)⁰R. 9.8 Btu to hp-hr.

Example: Convert the following quantities to the ones designated: 1.5 m/hr to cm/min.

Example: Convert the following quantities to the ones designated: 1.5 m/hr to cm/min. 1.5 m2/hr to cm2/s.

Convert the following quantities to the ones designated: Example: Convert the following quantities to the ones designated: 1.5 m/hr to cm/min. 1.5 m2/hr to cm2/s. 42 ft2/hr to mm2/s. 1.0 m = 3.2808 ft

Convert the following quantities to the ones designated: Example: Convert the following quantities to the ones designated: 1.5 m/hr to cm/min. 1.5 m2/hr to cm2/s. 42 ft2/hr to mm2/s. 1.987 cal/(gmol)K to Btu/(lbmol)⁰R. 1.0 Btu = 252 cal 1.0 lbmol = 454 gmol 1.0 K = 1.8 ⁰R

Convert the following quantities to the ones designated: Example: Convert the following quantities to the ones designated: 1.5 m/hr to cm/min. 1.5 m2/hr to cm2/s. 42 ft2/hr to mm2/s. 1.987 cal/(gmol)K to Btu/(lbmol)⁰R. 9.8 Btu to hp-hr. 1.0 Btu = 3.93 × 10-4 hp-hr

HW1.1: Convert the following quantities to the ones designated: 6 ×10-2 m/s ……………mm/hr 402 mm2/min …………...ft2/hr 10-4 Btu/(lbmol)⁰R ……………cal/(gmol)K 104 kcal/(gmol)K ……………Btu/(lbmol)⁰R 1.008 hp-hr ……………Btu

  1.0 atm = 101.3 kPa = 1.013 × 1020 FPa = 14.7 psi = 760 mmHg = 101.3 mbar = 760 Torr

HW1.2: Find the equivalent pressure to 105 nPa in: a) atm b) psi   b) psi c) cmHg d) bar Torr atm = 101.3 kPa = 101.3 × 10-6 nPa = 14.7 psi = 760 mmHg = 101.3 mbar = 760 Torr

HW1.3: Find the equivalent pressure to 1018 pPa (picopascals) in: a) atm   b) psi c) cmHg d) bar Torr f) mmHg g) Pa 1.0 atm = 101.3 kPa = 14.7 psi = 76 cmHg = 101.3 mbar = 101.3 mbar = 760 Torr = 1.01325 × 1017 pPa.

Dimensional Homogeneity

K atm.cm3/K

Dimensional consistency Example:

Class HW 1.3: Dimensional consistency Check the equation for dimensional consistency: Here: m is a mass, g is an acceleration, c is a velocity, h is a length