385L29

"I call upon you, inhabitants of Chaos and Erebos, of the depth, of earth, watchers of heaven, of darkness, masters of things not to be seen, guardians of secrets, leaders of those beneath the earth, administrators of things which are infinite, those who wield power over earth, servants in the chasm, shudderful fighters, fearful ministers, inhabitants of dark Erebos, coercive watchers, rulers of cliffs, grievers of the heart, adverse daimones, iron-hearted ones BITHOURARA ASOUEMARA ... OTROUR MOURROUR APHLAU MANDRAROUROU SOU MARAROU, reveal the matter which I am considering" (add the usual). —PGM VII 348-68

(unspecified) god daimôn (pl (unspecified) god daimôn (pl. daimones) divine power : nymph, ancestor, divinized hero, spirit of the dead...

agathodaimôn (“good” daimôn) daimôn kakodaimôn (“evil” daimôn) nekydaimôn (death daimôn)

• expansion due to conquests by Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) • sustained contact with cultures of Egypt, Near East, India • cultural and religious syncretism • importation of Babylonian astronomy/astrology • importation of exotic daimones

Aristotelian Motion • Two kinds of observable motion: (a) terrestrial and (b) celestial. • Terrestrial motion (< 4 elements) is forced, linear, terminal. • Celestial motion is natural, circular, ceaseless; therefore celestial bodies must be composed of a unique element (aithêr): an eternal stuff in constant circular motion. • Earth lies at the center of the kosmos, surrounded (ideally) by concentric spheres of Water, Air, and Fire — moving upwards from most dense to most refined.

Aristotelian Physics/Theology • Forced displacement  terrestrial movement. • Something unmoved  celestial movement. • Source of all movement = Unmoved Mover = God. • God perfect, complete, autonomous, self-absorbed, self-sufficient. • God embodies goal towards which all natural things aim: perfect self-actualization. • Desire to become God  all movement.

GOD EMPYREUM SUBLUNARY WORLD EARTH UNDERWORLD (HADES) Tripartite Cosmos GOD EMPYREUM SUBLUNARY WORLD EARTH UNDERWORLD (HADES)

• increasing gap between mortal and divine worlds • need for mediation between mortal and divine worlds • monotheistic trend  proliferation of daimones • sublunary world as alienated, corrupt, fallen • rise in popularity of foreign cults, supernatural phenomena

• increasing gap between mortal and divine worlds • need for mediation between mortal and divine worlds • monotheistic trend  proliferation of daimones • sublunary world as alienated, corrupt, fallen • rise in popularity of foreign cults, supernatural phenomena

magos [Persian] expert, wise man, healer, (religious) purifier, cult priest, diviner, magician, charlatan mageia magic, deception goês charmer, diviner, sorcerer, quack goêteia enchantment, deception thelxis enchantment, (sexual) seduction, enslavement thaumatourgia wonder-working, miracle-working

AIM NUMBER/PERCENT Healing 109/21% Knowledge 102/20% Love 98/19% Injury 61/12% Miscellaneous 44/8.5% Success 42/8.2% Safety 22/4.3% Invocation Service 7/1.4% Horoscopes and General Astrology 6/1.2%

air (vital) breath pneuma spirit spiritual being demonic being

zôtikon (vital) psykhikon (psychic) pneuma akatharton (unclean) daimonion (demonic)

AIM NUMBER/PERCENT Healing 109/21% Knowledge 102/20% Love 98/19% Injury 61/12% Miscellaneous 44/8.5% Success 42/8.2% Safety 22/4.3% Invocation Service 7/1.4% Horoscopes and General Astrology 6/1.2%

Neoplatonic Emanation ONE = GOOD BEING FORMS INTELLECT GODS HEAVENS SUBLUNARY WORLD SOUL ANIMAL BODY VEGETABLE LIFE INANIMATE MATTER FOUR ELEMENTS PRIME MATTER NON-BEING = EVIL

theurgy •Universe is hierarchy of serial emanations from the One. •Each order of emanations is subdivided. •Each subdivision mediated by gods, daimones, souls, guardian spirits, ghosts... •Goal of theurgy: ascent (anagôgê) to and communion/merger with the One. •Means of theurgy: •magic rituals to induce empsychosis •use of symbola to attract daimones and higher souls +gold : cinnamon : heliotrope : rooster : Sun •interrogation of emplaced souls about access to higher levels +discovery of passwords to allow for ascent through gates