Writing for Publication Karen Holland Editor in Chief Nurse Education in Practice

Where to begin : Why is writing for publication important ? Dissemination of research and findings : sharing evidence to underpin practice Dissemination of systematic / literature reviews : very important to develop body of evidence in a specialist field Dissemination of new and innovative ideas Dissemination for sharing with others in same field

Why do we write for publication ? Writing for Publication is undertaken for specific reasons: Examples : A requirement of a course of study such as Doctorate (PhD) Dissemination of personal research – including various aspects such as Methodology and methods , systematic reviews , main findings Dissemination of funded project outcomes Development of career and professional development

First steps : In Brief - Writing an article (1) Decide on what you want to write about Choose a journal that matches the kind of article you want to write Read the contributor guidelines Read some papers in that journal

First steps : In Brief (2) Write the article (on your own or with others) Have the article peer reviewed: pre-submission review (by experienced author/reviewer and a novice /reader of articles) Final preparation and submit to journal: the submission process of different journals

What is ethics? At its simplest, ethics is a system of moral principles. They affect how people make decisions and lead their lives. Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as moral philosophy. The term is derived from the Greek word ethos which can mean custom, habit, character or disposition. Ethics covers the following dilemmas: how to live a good life our rights and responsibilities the language of right and wrong moral decisions - what is good and bad? Our concepts of ethics have been derived from religions, philosophies and cultures. They infuse debates on topics like abortion, human rights and professional conduct. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml

How do ethics and writing for publication link together ? If we focus on the writing of an article for a journal that is based on research then we have to consider Ethics at 2 levels : The level of the actual research itself (Research Ethics) : http://www.bps.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/code_of_human_research_ethi cs.pdf The level of the actual written article (Publication Ethics): https://www.elsevier.com/journals/nurse-education-in-practice/1471-5953/guide- for-authors

Ethical Publishing : predatory or unethical publishers https://www.library.unsw.edu.au/research/publishing-and-sharing-your- research/predatory-publishing http://thinkchecksubmit.org/check/ http://thinkchecksubmit.org/2016/01/28/help-your-colleagues-grin-the-right- journal-with-our-new-video/

Ethical Publishing : (Un)ethical writing practice There are 6 key areas that we need to consider in ethical writing: Authorship Conflict of Interest Plagiarism Simultaneous Submission Research Fraud Salami Slicing (See : https://www.publishingcampus.elsevier.com/websites/elsevier_publishingcampus/fil es/Guides/Brochure_Ethics_2_web.pdf

Authorship Misrepresenting a scientist’s relationship to their work : Listing names of people who took little or no part in the research, omitting names of people who did take part, or the 'ordering of a byline that indicates a greater level or participation in the research than is warranted'. This includes submitting a manuscript without the permission of an author/contributor. Ghost authorship : This usually refers to professional writers (often paid by commercial sponsors) whose role is not acknowledged. Unattributed contributions to data analyses may also constitute ghost authorship. Gift and Guest Authorship : Authorship based on a tenuous affiliation with the study or solely on an expectation that inclusion of a particular name will improve the chances that the study will be published.

Conflict of Interest An undisclosed relationship that may pose a conflict of interest. An undisclosed funding source that may pose a conflict of interest. Journals have conflict of Interest forms that authors are expected to complete on submission of an article (Example: Guidance and template https://www.elsevier.com/__data/promis_misc/JBMTauthor_declaration.pdf https://www.elsevier.com/__data/promis_misc/JEGH_dec.pdf

Plagiarism Literal Copying : Reproducing a work word for word, in whole or in part , without permission and acknowledgment of the original source. Substantial Copying: This can include research materials , processes, tables, or equipment Paraphrasing :( and not referencing authors ideas/work ) Reproducing someone else's ideas while not copying word for word, without permission and acknowledgment of the original source. Text- recycling Reproducing portions of an author's own work in a paper, and resubmitting it for publication as an entirely new paper.

Simultaneous submission Submitting a paper to two or more journals at the same time. Duplicate Publication : When an author submits a paper or portions of his or her own paper that has been previously published to another journal, without disclosing prior submission(s). Duplication by Paraphrasing or "Text-recycling”: When an author writes about his or her own research in two or more articles from different angles or on different aspects of the research without acknowledgment of the original paper. Translations of a paper published in another language: Submitting a paper to journals in different languages without acknowledgment of the original paper.

Research Fraud Manipulating data: Intentionally modifying, changing, or omitting data. Manipulating data images : This can include research materials, processes, tables or equipment

Salami Slicing Definition: The “slicing” of research that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is called "salami publication" or "salami slicing” or Breaking up or segmenting data from a single study and creating different manuscripts for publication Outcome: Salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each 'slice' is derived from a different subject sample. Action : Avoid inappropriately breaking up data from a single study into two or more papers. When submitting a paper, be transparent. Send copies of any manuscripts closely related to the manuscript under consideration. This includes any manuscripts published, recently submitted, or already accepted.

Summary of Session When choosing a journal for publication : check the web sites such as :https://www.library.unsw.edu.au/research/publishing-and-sharing-your-research/predatory-publishing Have someone peer review your paper for you using guidelines that can check if they have understood the paper , can see the research has been carried out properly and ethically –critically review according to author guidelines from the chosen journal Submit the article for publication to a journal and ensure that the Declaration of Interest form or your letter includes any area of potential conflict of interest Check authorship information and ensure that if more authors than you have written the paper , that they are in agreement with the paper and most importantly with the author placement ( i.e. first , second and third author ) Sit back and wait for a reply from the editor’s office ! You should get an acknowledgement followed by a decision in due course. Please do not keep contacting the journal office – average review time varies but in most journals this can be about 12 weeks – but often longer depending on the amount of papers they get as well as ensuring enough reviewers available to review –difficult at some times of the year Good luck with writing your first article !

Additional information Other ways of writing for publication include : Books and book chapters Book Reviews Letters to the Editor Editorials Discussion papers Commentaries on published articles A useful site for new resarchers : https://www.publishingcampus.elsevier.com/pages/3/Colleges/College-of-Skills-Training.html https://www.mendeley.com

Thank you ! Hope you have picked up as much as possible in the time allowed . If you need to contact me : kholland.nepeditor@virginmedia.com I will try and get back to you in a reasonable time .