Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System Testicles: produce sperm (male sex cell), and testosterone Epididymis: network of tubes behind testicle which store sperm cells Vas Deferens: passageway tubes that extend epididymis to urethra, where sperm exits Scrotum: keeps sperm cool Semen: fluids and sperm mixture exits penis through ejaculation 2

Secondary Sexual Characteristics - Male Produced by testosterone Deeper voice Chest and facial hair Lengthen bones Increased size of testes for sperm production

Female Reproductive System Mrs. Degl

Female Reproductive system Key functions: store and release eggs, role in creation of offspring, to give birth. Fertilization: this occurs when a sperm cell joins with a female’s egg cell. Ovulation: the release of one egg cell per month (about 28 days). Menstruation: when the lining of the uterus, unfertilized egg, and blood flow out of the body. Menstrual cycle: hormonal changes that occur from the beginning of one menstruation to the next (28) 5

Ovaries: contain ova, or the eggs, and produce hormones Fallopian tubes: carry eggs from ovaries to uterus Uterus: shelters and nourishes fetus Cervix: opening of the uterus Vagina: muscular passageway from the uterus to the outside of the body 6

Secondary Sexual Characteristics - Female Induced by increased LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone hormone levels Pubic hair Widen pelvis Enlarge mammary tissue (breasts) Begin menstrual cycles

Fertilization Occurs in upper 1/3 of Fallopian tube Only 1 sperm can fertilize an egg Fertilized egg = zygote An average woman is pregnant (gestational period) for 9 whole months. That is 40 weeks. Babies can survive if they are born earlier, but they may have complications due to being premature.

Implantation Fertilized eggs are implanted into thick walls of uterus Chorion membranes dig into uterus to form placenta Zygote grows into an embryo Embryo gets air and nutrients through the umbilical cord Once pregnant, progesterone levels stay high in mom Mom’s uterus grows with the baby

1st Trimester = 1st 12 weeks Heart develops first Neural tube develops All body systems appear by Week 8 – Now a Fetus

2nd Trimester = up to 24 weeks Most growth Looks more like a baby Some preemies survive at this stage

3rd Trimester = Up to 40 weeks More growth Kicking, rolling, stretching Eyes open – Week 32 Lungs mature Rotates to head-down position, unless baby is breech

Birth Labor Uterine contractions begin Cervix dilates to 10 cm. Birth Uterus pushes baby through vaginal canal Placenta delivered after baby Cesarean Section (c-section) is a surgery that cuts through the uterus to deliver the baby if it cannot be born vaginally

Human Growth Stages Infancy: Birth-2years Childhood: 2-13 years Adolescence: 13-18/20 years Adulthood: 20 years until death