Blood disorders

summary I-Red blood cells disorders: 1-anemia 2-thalassemia 3-polycythemia vera 4-malaria II-White blood cells disorders: 1-leukopenia 2-leukemia 3-lymphoma 4-mononucleosis III-Platelets disorders: 1-thrombocytopenia 2-thrombocytemia 3-platelet disfunction IV-plasma disorders: 1-hemophilia 2-Von Willebrand disease 3-disseminated intravascular coagulation

red blood cells disorders:

Anemia Anemia=lower-than- normal number of: * red blood cells Or * quantity of hemoglobin.

Types of Anemia  Iron deficiency anemia  Pernicious anemia  Aplastic anemia  Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA),  *Sickle cell anemia

Symptoms:  Fatigue and loss of energy  Rapid heartbeat particularly with exercise  Shortness of breath and headache  Difficulty concentrating

Thalassemia Genetic mutations that prevent the normal production of hemoglobin

symptoms  Bone deformities(face)  Dark urine  Delayed growth and development  Excessive tiredness and fatigue  Yellow or pale skin

Polycythemia vera gene mutation blood cancer Bone marrow makes too many red blood cells.

Symptoms  Fevers  Fatigue  Blurred vision  Excessive sweating

Malaria Intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite which invades the red blood cells and is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions.

Symptoms  Profuse sweating  Headache  Nausea and vomiting  Abdominal pain  Diarrhea anemia  Muscle pain  Convulsions  Coma

White blood cell disorders

Leukopenia 2 types: name according to cell’s type: neutropenia neutrophils lymphopenia lymphocytes Decrease in the number of white blood cells(leukocytes<4000/microliter of blood)

Neutropenia

Symptoms:  Ulcers  Fever  Wound that takes a long time to heal  Abscesses  Rashes

Symptoms Fever Enlarged lymph nodes Painful joints Weight loss

Leukemia Is a cancer of blood cells,where the blood cells produced in the bone marrow grow out of control

Lymphoma Blood cancer that develops in the lymphatic system Lymphatic system: fluid filled tubes+lymph nodes (blood filters). Lymphoma: usually develops in the lymph nodes.

 2 types:  Hodgkin's lymphoma  Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Difference: In the specific lymphocyte each involves By examining the cancer cells under a microscope * Presence/ not presence of a specific type of abnormal cell called a Reed-Sternberg cell lymphoma

Mononucleosis Epstein Barr Virus Monocytes : enlarged irregular nuclei More than 90% of adults have been exposed Environmental stressors : reactivate the virus

Platelets disorders

thrombocytopenia Low blood platelet count Caused by : separate disorder / medications Children and adults

 Prolonged bleeding  Mucosal bleeding (oropharyngeal, nasal)  Fatigue  Enlarged spleen  Jaundice Purpura Petechiae Symptoms

Thrombocythemia  Excessive number of platelets in the blood.  Chronic disease with no cure  Blood clots in brain, hands and feet.

 Headache  Dizziness or lightheadedness  Chest pain  Fainting  Temporary vision changes  Numbness or tingling of the hands and feet  Redness, throbbing and burning pain in the hands and feet Sypmtoms

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke

Platelet dysfunction Inherited Acquired Von Willebrand disease Drugs Diseases

 Easy bruising  Excessive bleeding  Tiny red dots. Symptoms

Plasma disorders

Haemophilia  Genetic deficiency of proteins that help blood to clot.  2 main types of Haemophilia Haemophilia A Factor VIII Haemophilia B factor IX

Symptoms  Inc reased internal /external bleeding after trauma, injury, or surgery (mild)  Bleeding with no apparent cause (severe)

Von Willebrand disease  Von Willebrand factor is a protein in blood that helps blood to clot.  In Von Willebrand disease : body produces too little of the protein or produces a protein that doesn't work well.  The condition is inherited

Symptoms :  Excessive bleeding during and after invasive procedures.  Women often experience menorrhagia and hemorrhaging after childbirth.  Nosebleeds  Easy bruising

Deep venous thrombosis  Blood clot in a deep vein (leg)  Pulmonary embolism : deep venous thrombosis dislodging and traveling through the heart to the lungs.  People > 50 years in age.

Symptoms  Swelling in your foot, ankle, or leg, usually on one side  Cramping pain usually begins in your calf  Severe, unexplained pain  An area of skin that feels warmer  Skin over the affected area : pale or a reddish or bluish color

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)  Tiny blood clots and areas of bleeding throughout the body.  Severe infections  Surgery  Complications of pregnancy DIC

Symptoms  Chest pain and shortness of breath  Pain, redness, warmth, and swelling in the lower leg  Headaches  Speech changes  Paralysis (an inability to move)  Dizziness  Trouble speaking and understanding  Heart attack Stroke