Harry F Harlow By: Kayla Manhart

Before his birth 1862-1875 1862-1875 Foundling homes Cholera, diphtheria, typhoid (fever) and scarlet fever St Mary’s Asylum for Widows, Foundlings, and Infants, Buffalo, New York 2,114 kids 1,080 died within a year of arrival Most of those who survived had “mothers” who stayed with them 1/4th of those born between 1850 and 1900 died before age 5 Isolation was the way to go (sickness) To sum it up, isolation was the key to everything “touch could crawl with infection” cholera= infection of small intestine, mortality rate was 100% throughout these years

To start off Born Harry Frederick Israel on October 31st, 1905 in Fairfield Iowa Parents Alonzo “Lon” Harlow Israel and Mable Harlow Israel, Lon wanted to be a doctor but gave up to marry Mable His parents bought a general store and started a small real estate business with Lon’s father. Harry had 3 brothers: Robert Delmer Hugh

Early Childhood Delmer was diagnosed with Pott’s Disease (Tuberculosis of the spine) Move to New Mexico, Los Cruces (small canyon) Loss of maternal affection from his mother Her focus on helping Delmer Porcelain child Potty (3 years old) Loved it “hit rock bottom” Move because a doctor told them that the weather might be better for Delmer’s health, lost everything in a spring flooding and became poor and returned back to the states within a year Loss of maternal affection was due to her focus on helping Delmer. Porcelain child potty: he carried it around the house, one day he threw a rock in it and it shattered and he joked that he “hit rock bottom”

“Want to be famous” In high school, Harry ranked 13th- 71 ,Top 12 were girls Out scored entire senior class on Aptitude test created by University of Iowa. Graduated in 1923 Yearbook quote: “Want to be famous” “Though rather small, we know most well, in argument, he doth excel.” pg. 9 He had a more probable outcome: “simply end up insane”

Reed college Stanford University Reed College, Portland, Oregon Zoology course Stanford 1924 Harry had to take a special examination to be able to attend “One glance at my fellow applicants convinced me that one half of the hundred were football players dredged up to round out next years team.” Enrolled as an English major then moved on to Psychology Got a C+ in English Zooloogy course he had to dissect frogs and he despised it so he went to Standford had to take the special examination because he was a last minute applicant. He quotes: He says if he oculdnt win against his competition that he didn’t deserve to go to Standford

Example of Harrys Psychology Notes: “Apathetic Annie was complacent and serene Though suffering from paresis, Consumption and gangrene But Annie did not really care Though life was nearly gone For Annie had a tumor in the diencephalon” He wrote a lot of his psychology notes in verse

Stanford Staff Walter Miles Calvin Stone Vision expert Designed night goggles for World War 2 fliers Calvin Stone Animal behaviorist and editor of the respected Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Harry’s Major professor Harry Described him as “Neither warm nor nurturing nor familial” Harry worked directed under Walter and Calvin as well as Lewis Terman Walter was a moral mentor to harry. Harry worked with him in his garage and studied rats.

Dr. Lewis Terman Innovative researcher at Stanford and head of Psych dept. Studies human intelligence Stanford-Binet Intelligence test revision

Lions and tigers and RATS oh my! 170 Page exploration of feeding habits of baby rats (dissertation) Results: Rats will swallow liquids other than rat milk if they taste decent, if it was not good they would spit it out 1st experiment that he found out that “mothering” was necessary Does temperature matter? Mothering was necessary for the guidance on how much to eat found that feeding rats every three hours was not enough and one died of malnutrition and doubling the amount was too much. Too much cold froze feeding process warming the floor didn’t improve the feeding habits either, didn

Graduation 1930 Terman recommended Harry teach in a junior college because of his speech defect Had to get his PHD Name change? Anti Jewish prejudice Great Depression has taken place “As far as I know, I am the only scientist who has ever been named by his major professor”(29) Harry couldn’t say his r’s. changed his name from Israel to Harlow because his name sounded jewish and employers asked his mentors what religious background he was and wouldn’t hire him if he had a jewish sounding last name. HARRY WASN’T EVEN JEWISH. Terman recommended Harlow from his fathers middle name

“Untouched by the Human Hands At this time: Psychologists argued against cuddling children Doctors against too close contact between parent and child 1931- mortality rate was 30%, those who didn’t die had “nurses pets” and got extra cuddling time Created a challenge for Harry as he wanted to study Love Very appealing to him, however years later

University of Wisconsin-Madison offer Assistant professorship $2,750 a year 1st teaching experience 1930 Students booed, catcalled and laughed at him Frustrated and confused Used puns and stories from readers digest in his lectures Meets Clara Mears Also relied heavily on Readers digest

Clara Mears Born July 8th, 1909 Daughter of a congregationalist minister Graduated from a private women’s school, Mills college in San Francisco Research assistantship at UW-Madison in psychology in 1930 Clara and Harry got married May 7th, 1932 in Milwaukee Dropped out of her PHD program Nepotism Policy Took many of Harry’s classes and then they fell in love. Nepotism Policy- no spousal hires and valued harry more because the staff was entirely male Worked at a department store

Monkey Business Henry Vilas Zoo 1930’s Monkey intelligence experiment 1 Maggie and Jiggs “Putting the right peg in the right hole” Jiggs loved it and learned fast Sadly died a year after testing started Tommy Test on memory Find which cup had the food under it He did cat and frog experiments too before he decided to do monkey experiments and found that he couldn’t train them. Maggie was irritable and Jiggs was out going, he learned quickly to put the round plunger into the round hole. (orangutans) Tommy was a baboon who had a temper and he had to get it right and right away. He didn’t like the delayed response trials because he had to wait to guess and through tantrums and fell in love with a student

More Memory tests Early 1930’s Abraham Maslow Worked with Harlow at the zoo Memory Monkeys approached puzzles like people would Goal directed Alpha male Dominance 1939- received a one year fellowship in anthropology Columbia University Found that monkeys went through trial and error and fixed it. Figured out puzzles and they wanted to win. Maslow found that the alpha males acted like the “tough” boys and were the bullies and caused fights and were the most dominant of the monkeys In 1932, they finally offered him a place to do research, an abandoned building and he made outdoor cages that looked like buildings. Monkeys were brought from south America, Africa, and india, some escaped frequently and were found in trees and neighborboods

Columbia University 1939 Robert Harlow was born Nov 16, 1939 Kurt Goldstein Lecture Great European neurologist Idea of intelligent animals was not a thought at this time Moved back to Madison shortly after Goldstein thought monkeys sat on a lower rung of intellect and that only humans could achieve analytical intelligence this made Harry angry

“Test Apparatus for Monkeys” 1930’s Later changed to Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA) Indian rhesus monkeys Curiosity Those who weren’t rewarded with food Less distracted Did better than rewarded monkeys Compared it to children with Margaret “Peggy” Kuenne (child psychologist) Indian rhesus monkeys were the cheapest, rotated them four at a time. many said that they resposponded to the food stimulus but harry found out otherwise, compared to children, monkeys were faster at first but children caught up. Peggy later became a staff member, in 1932 he got his first lab which was an abandoned building

Another love 2nd child Richard was born Dec 10,1942 Research was his obsession Clara filed for Divorce on August 14, 1946 Need for Love? Peggy Kuenne was of his interest shortly after the divorce “work was the background music of our world” one of harry’s sons recalls, harry became impatient with kids and Clara, took son bobby with him to the lab but never talked, he started drinking heavily

Margaret “Peggy” Kuenne Child Psychologist, Completed her masters degree at Washington University then went to University of Iowa Graduated in 1944 Became an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota 1946 took a job on Harry’s research team Married Harry Feb 3, 1948 Became the labs unofficial editor 1950- had their first child Pamela and Jonathan 3 years later Still didn’t allow spousal hires so she became the labs unofficial editor

On to The Next One, Separation. 1955- not enough monkeys Started breeding colony 1956- taken more than 60 baby monkeys away from their mothers Formula made them gain weight Monkeys looked healthy but were “dumbfounded by loneliness” (pg 145). Early start to “cloth obsessions” Bill Mason, Stanford graduate had an idea to test cloth vs wire Researchers had been lining cages with cloth diapers Fed formula and found that they were dumbfounded by loneliness, they would rock and start into space, suck their thumbs and when they were brought together for breeding they would back away

“A perfect mother” Cloth vs. wire mother Hot vs. cold mother Preferred the cloth mother even when the wire mother had food Monkeys often rocked and bit themselves Clung to bars of their cages Hot vs. cold mother Rejected cold mother Small monkeys like hot mother Rocking vs. stationary mother Preferred a rocking mother 8 monkeys were involved. 4 had cloth mother giving the food and 4 had wire mother providing the food. All of the monkeys were spending about 18 hours with the cloth mother regardless if she had any food. Even those raised on a cloth mother were dysfunctional but the worst were those raised by a wire mom. Happier with a mother in motion

Mechanical Monster Booby traps “Cloth moms gone crazy” (204) Shaking mother Air blast mother Embedded steel frame Brass spikes tucked into chest They clung tighter to their mother even though they were scared of them Interpreted them with abused children Shaking mother rocked violently, air blast mother blew compressed air against infant, embedded steel frame would fling forward and hurl the monkey off of the mothers body, and the brass spikes would unexpectedly push against the clinging child. Proved their addiction to their mothers. Same pattern when real mother was rejecting or abusive, see if rejection induced psychopathic behavior

Video: Diabolical monster https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrNBEhzjg8I Ran to cloth mother when they were scared,

A series of Events 1967- Peggy was diagnosed with Breast cancer Harry became the first (only) primatologist to win the National Medal of Science 1968- Treatment for paralyzing clinical depression in Minnesota Wisconsin became home of the only NIH Primate center Added responsibility for Harry so he has to travel a lot Peggy's family proposal arises

Nuclear family There was a father, mother and siblings housed in a cage with a playground Monkeys played with others Other study left mother and baby alone for 6 months Mother rejected older children Smallest monkeys were very clingy and demanding They did play with others Peggy was directing her research toward that sense that family matters “Mothers love works best when the help of father and friends and siblings are present”

Isolation Experiments Isolated monkeys for 6 months then for a year After 12 months, the monkeys didn’t explore or play and barely moved. They had to re isolate the monkeys. “Fearful, so helpless that they brought out the worst in their new companions” (216) “Rape rack” Mothers who were forced pregnancy were violent Harry learned that social isolation was not the cause of depression His depression worsened and so he based his next experiments off of his depression to see how it is in monkeys essentially. Some monkeys starved themselves to death. Some formed a bullying rink. Rape rack, incapable of sexual relations, forced pregnancies, strapped down to be induced.

Hopelessness “Vertical chamber” also known as the Pit of Despair Steve Suomi ran some of the tests Monkeys had to climb up a steep, slippery wall Found that after 2-3 days they were “hopeless” This “pit of despair” showed that animals and humans are dependent on the society of others Repair damage Baby therapists were placed with the isolated monkeys Isolated monkeys would go into a corner and rock and eventually cuddle Harry added Hopelessness to the study. Break of socialization. Babies were at least three months old and were broken of a bond, 2 came from the nuclear study and less than a dozen were used. Steve found that this made monkeys worse, for example made normal monkeys, abnormal, and happy babies sad. Psychiatrist William McKinney helped out Reserpine (suppresses serotonin) Repair damage- Melissa Novak and peer therapy idea and found that it helped them and they slowly recovered

1970’s Margaret Harlow died on August 11, 1971 (age 52) Made a professor of educational psychology and UWM Feminist movement Relation to autistic children? (monkeys raised by cloth mothers) At the time the feminist movement were NOT at all impressed with Harry’s work Austisic relation: Bruno Bettelheim, child psychologist found similarities with autistic children and the monkeys raised by cloth mothers who rocked and paced but harry didn’t think so Femininsts didn’t like the fact that the mothers were doing all the “loving” and that harry associated his cloth and wire mothers to similar mothers as humans, one was the

Back together? Clara and him remarried on March 1972 Harry showed early signs of Parkinson's which lead to his Resigned from Madison in 1974 Moved to Arizona, got a job at the University of Arizona The Human Model, book published with the help of Clara Summer of 1981, his memory got worse and Clara put him into a nursing home He reconnected with his sons He wondered into a strangers home

“Till death do us part” Harry passed away on Dec 9, 1981, at 76. His research helped in many ways(then and now): Then: Animal activists ask “why torture baby monkeys to prove the obvious?” Importance of love and connection wasn’t obvious at the time Motherly love did not have a sexual connotation It opened up areas of research in human development that wouldn’t have been funded in the 1960’s and 70’s

Current UW Study Study anxiety and depression They will be euthanized after a year Involves snakes and humans without eye contact and will be put into cages with unfamiliar monkeys Will not be removed from mothers http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/education/univ ersity/controversial-uw-madison-monkey-study-won-t- remove-newborns-from/article_e8a288f4-5d1a-5ab2- ab50-64b24920b2e3.html

Discussion questions Do you think that his experiments were ethical? Do you think that his experiments reflect who he is? For example, no maternal affection and lack of interest in his children. “His work helped change psychology for the better.”(pg 292)Do you believe that it did? why?

Reference Love at Goon Park by Deborah Blum

HAVE A GOOD DAY!