Late Medieval Europe (ca )

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Presentation transcript:

Late Medieval Europe (ca. 1300-1500)

Late Medieval Europe Why should we consider this phase of European history as one of disasters? Who were the “winners” and “losers” at this point in Europe? Any parallels to events and crises of 20th and 21st centuries?

The Church Limits of Papal Power King Philip IV vs. Pope Boniface VIII Boniface protested Philip’s taxation of French clergy, but had to back down Philip arrested bishop for treason  Boniface outraged, but humiliated by king Papacy now weaker than monarchs Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303)

Church of S. Francesca Romana, Rome The Church The “Babylonian Captivity” (1309-1377) French pope elected to papacy Moved to Avignon (1309) French popes Corruption? Many unhappy Christians in western Europe Papacy returned to Rome (1377) Tomb of Pope Gregory XI, Church of S. Francesca Romana, Rome

The Church The Great Western Schism (1378-1417) Returning pope died (1378) Turbulent election  new, Italian pope Dissatisfaction  schism Two popes! Then three popes!!! Spiritual and political crisis! Resolved at Council of Constance (1415-17)

The Church Questions?

Society Population growth  overpopulation (14th cent.) Less land to cultivate Wages decreased Famines

Society The Black Death (1347-1350) Epidemic Spread rapidly, contagious Noticeable, painful symptoms Very quick death

Society and Economy The Plague’s Origins Began in Far East, traveled westward along trade routes Carried by fleas on infected rats Arrived in Europe at Mediterranean ports

Society The Black Death Cause debated Why??? Aftermath Death of up to 1/2 of Europe’s population Obsession with death Recurred until 18th century

Society Questions?

Politics and War The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Last Capetian monarch died (1328) – who succeeds? English king was a relation Philip VI elected by French nobility Neither candidate conceded claims  war! English claims to French lands

Politics and War The War: Initial English Success Strategy: raids New technology Longbows Cannons Territorial gains! English king: new heir to throne (1420) Battle of Créçy (1346)

Politics and War

Politics and War France Strikes Back JOAN OF ARC (1412-1431) Teenage peasant, mystic Claimed mission from God (1428) Promised French heir France rebounded Joan captured, sold to English  burned at stake (May 1431) Siege of Orléans

Politics and War Ultimate French Victory Northern France reconquered English driven out by 1453

Politics and War Developments in Spain Muslim power weakened Christian princes seized opportunity RECONQUISTA: intermittent reconquest of Islamic Spain Result: Christian Iberian states emerging

Political Issues Ferdinand and Isabella Unified Spanish crown (1469) Completed Reconquista (1492) Promoted fervent Catholicism Expelled Muslims and Jews Ferdinand and Isabella

Politics and War

Politics and War Questions?

Late Medieval Europe Why should we consider this phase of European history as one of disasters? Who were the “winners” and “losers” at this point in Europe? Any parallels to events and crises of 20th and 21st centuries?