AP EURO Unit #5 – Nationalism of 19th Century PPT #509 Taming the City, and The Rich and the Poor (ISSUES OF URBANIZATION)

Life in the city What were conditions like? Absolutely deplorable conditions Unpaved streets, no trash collection Over crowded and filthy No parks or open areas – no real urban planning Open sewers, lacking drainage Complete absence of public transportation Living in cellars, often surrounded by overflowing outhouses and sewers Urbanization in England: 1801 – 1.5 million in cities (17% of population) 1851 – 6 million (35%) 1881 – 15 million (54%)

Advent of public health Theory: disease was caused by filth Cholera epidemic of 1856 What was utilitarianism? How would it apply? Poor Law of 1834 Response to Bentham’s Utilitarianism What was the “Bacterial Revolution?

Bacteria Revolution Sanitation improvements Sewer System – Paris first Reaction to Cholera epidemics in 1830s & 1840s Believed to be a result of filth Massive clean up Sewer System – Paris first Led to dramatic drop in mortality rates Germ Theory – disease caused by microbes Louis Pasteur (France) – pasteurization (heating) Robert Koch (Germany) – identified harmful germs Joseph Lister (Britain) –sterilize before surgery

Response to improvements How do we know this all mattered? Note chart on p. 721 Mortality rates dropped dramatically Some diseases just disappeared Housing theory: adequate housing -> lack of social unrest and political discontent

Urban Planning What will this lead to that we now see in European cities? Led to Beautification of cities Paris – George Haussmann Hired by Napoleon II Completely transformed city Tore down whole neighborhoods of tangled streets Crowded cities = more crime London – Sir Robert Peel Uniformed police force – separate from army

To protect and serve… What is changing with police force? Why? Why does it matter? What does it show? Peel’s “bobbies” – uniformed police without weapons – to serve the public Prison Reform New goal: rehabilitate, not just punish Previous: “hulks,” “transportation,” large holding cells holding all types of criminals Philadelphia system – isolate criminals

Public Transportation Mostly a western European improvement Started with [American invented] horse drawn street car Pleasant, convenient, clean, reliable Electric street car Faster, cheaper, dependable, cleaner, comfort 1886 – 900 million riders in “big four” western nations nations 1910 – 7 billion riders

Public Transportation Mostly a western European improvement Started with [American invented] horse drawn street car Pleasant, convenient, clean, reliable Electric street car Faster, cheaper, dependable, cleaner, comfort 1886 – 900 million riders in “big four” western nations nations 1910 – 7 billion riders

The Rich and the Poor

Distribution of Income Disparity still huge – not changing Richest 5% received 30% of income Bottom 80% got less than 50% But – stratified – lots of subclasses But, wages did have real growth Doubled for British workers 1850-1906 Other industrial nations to follow

Life for the Middle Class What characterized how they lived? Big meat eaters – 25% of income Well fed, well housed Fancy clothing – material tastes Well served – another 25% of income STRICT code of behavior Stressed hard work and discipline Sexual purity Saw drunkenness as a vice of the poor Committed to family and upward mobility

Life for the Working Class 80% of British population by 1900 Fewer than 8% still on farm in Britain Germany closest – 25% France lagging behind – 50% All other FAR behind LABOR ARISTOCRACY Highly skilled lower class – leaders of laborers Attempted to live as the Middle Class Strict moral code – puritanical Proud to be foremen and construction bosses Many MANY domestic servants (1 out of 7) Lowest workers: “sweated industries”

Life for the Middle Class What characterized how they lived? Big meat eaters – 25% of income Well fed, well housed Fancy clothing – material tastes Well served – another 25% of income STRICT code of behavior Stressed hard work and discipline Sexual purity Saw drunkenness as a vice of the poor Committed to family and upward mobility

Leisure and Recreation What appeared to be happing to behavior of the common man? Why do you think that was happening? Even working class enjoyed Drinking still popular among lower classes Heavy drinking became taboo Public drinking – became more oriented for couples Cruel sports on the decline Replaced with soccer and racing (spectator sports) Music halls and vaudeville Decline in Church attendance & donations

(if not covered already) British Government (if not covered already)

British monarchs of 19th century George III (1760-1820) – American Revolution George IV (1820-1830) – first son to George III accused his father of insanity, so he could rule. Charming, but selfish, unreliable, irresponsible Secretly (illegally) married his catholic, commoner GF King forced him into unhappy marriage to cousin William IV (1830-1837) – third son to George III Ended slavery, the Poor Law, Reform Bill of 1832 Had 10 illegitimate kids with actress GF – no legitimate Power passed to daughter of 4th son of George III Victoria I (1837-1901)- only legitimate grandchild of George III – 63 years monarch

Queen Victoria and Victorian Engl. She saved the monarchy Why would I say that? Monarchy came to represent what was great about British character She represented loyalty, thrift hard work She married her love and cousin, Albert of the house of Saxe-Coburg Gotha Nine children – married them into various royal houses in Europe That meant that many monarchs just prior to WWI were closely related

British Reform Bills Purpose: increase suffrage There were three: 1832 – end of first third of 19th century 1867 – end of second third 1884 – middle of third third Remember: each third was owned by its own “ism” CONSERVATIVES – LIBERALS – SOCIALISTS Examine the first reform bill with a partner (handout) For the handout on MaCaulay, create three short answer questions: A should be answerable simply by reading the passage B should need outside knowledge AND analysis C should require a pull of an outside factoid AND analysis of how it fits into the subject of the question

How the poor got their vote: People on the farm The landed rich and the poor farmers People in the Factories Factory owners and factory workers The wealthy In Parliament Goal: protect wealth Willing to ally with the opposition’s opposition Tories Landed Rich Corn Laws Whigs Factory Owners Anti-Corn Law Laissez Faire Middle class VERY wealthy Exploited factory workers The poor masses Mostly illiterate Goal: survival Gaining a little $$ Farmers (peasants and yeoman) Much more efficient Village – old school Illiterate Factory Workers Proletariat Exploited Had been farm hands Landed Gentry wanted factory workers to have voting power to challenge the Whigs Factory owners wanted farmers to have voting power to challenge the Tories

House of Commons House of Lords had become fully subordinate to Commons Whigs vs. Tories First Reform Bill of 1832 Liberal Legislation – Gladstone – voting power to the Middle Class – ended Tory (Conservative) control of HoC Second Reform Bill of 1867 Conservative Legislation – Benjamin Disraeli Full suffrage to middle class and Labor Aristocracy Purpose: increase anti-whig voters Third Reform Bill of 1884 Full male suffrage

What was the result? Tories vs. Whigs The wealthy fought each other And in the process… gave the right to vote to the poor segment of society who were their allies against their enemies But… In the process… they gave up all their power to the poorest segments of society… Enter: the era of the socialists

The People’s Budget Labour took Commons with Prime Minster David Lloyd George New political party – represented the workers With new suffrage, who will they represent? Increased spending on socialist agenda Raised taxes on the wealthy National health insurance, unemployment benefits, old age pensions

Home Rule in Ireland British slowly granting more freedoms to Irish Rights to Catholic peasants WWI stopped all developments Irish agitated, esp. the non-agrig. Northern section of Ulster N. Irish raised an army of 100,000 militants Supported by British populace Irish raise there own army – the IRA

Marxism and Socialist Movement Socialism became a powerful political party by close of 1871 Marx claimed that workers had no nation Needed to unite across borders Founded FIRST INTERNATIONAL Union of workers He passionately supported the Paris Commune Meeting collapsed Second International Second International (1889-1914) Met every three years to discuss socialism Created “May Day” to celebrate the worker

Assessment of Decade Changes in Britain Changes in France Changes in Germany Changes in Russia