Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Chapter 14 Epidemiology Delmar Learning Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Epidemiology Population-focused applied science Uses quantitative methods Examines prevalence Determines causative and risk factors Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Community Health Triad of applied sciences Ecology Demography Epidemiology Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Epidemiologic Approach Agent Host Environment Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Agent Nutritive elements Chemical agents Physical agents Infectious agents Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Host Person Population Factors that affect host susceptibility Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Environment External factors Elements Geographic factors Occupational hazards Personal or secular factors Host-environment interaction Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Epidemiologic Triad Host Environment Agent Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Web of Causation Causal relationships that contribute to disease Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Natural History of a Disease Unaltered course of a disease without any intervention Cohort study Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Continuum of Natural History of Disease Exposure to agent Development of disease signs and symptoms Disability or death Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Screening tests False-negative False-positive Sensitivity Specificity Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Prevention Primary Secondary Tertiary Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Types of Epidemiologic Studies Observational – descriptive and analytic studies Descriptive epidemiology Correlational Cross-sectional Case reports Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Analytic Epidemiology Case control (retrospective) Cohort (prospective) Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Intervention Studies Experimental Alter behavior of individuals Types Prevention trials Therapeutic trials Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Epidemiologic Measurement Measures of disease frequency Prevalence rate & point prevalence Incidence rate Morbidity rate & attack rate Mortality rate & case fatality rate Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Vital Statistics Systematic registration of vital events Includes births and deaths, incidence of reportable diseases Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Measures of Association Risk Relative risk Attributable risk Odds ratio Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Epidemiologic Approach in Community Health Nursing Measure health status and disease occurrence in populations Surveillance Case finding Determining the health status of a population Evaluating care Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
PRECEDE-PROCEED Model Health promotion planning framework Primary, secondary, or tertiary Based on nursing process Evaluation from community health perspective Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company