Energy Flow Accounts in Denmark - the whys and hows Thomas Olsen, Statistics Denmark Prepared for the 7th meeting of the Oslo Group on Energy Statistics 23 – 26 October 2012, Helsinki, Finland

Outline What is Energy Flow Accounts? The whys – reasons for wanting energy accounts The hows - compilation in practice Quality control Applications Cooperation with Energy Agency 11/6/2018

What is Energy Flow Accounts? Supply and use of energy organised within the System of National Accounts framework Based on the same concepts, definitions and classifications as National Accounts Described in SEEA – Energy Supply and use of energy within the national economy (not the territory) Described by ISIC/NACE industries Transportation activities are also broken down by industries This way of describing the flow of energy is fully consistent with the way economic activities are described 11/6/2018

Residence principle vs. territory principle Residents Non-residents Territory Abroad Energy balance Energy accounts 11/6/2018

The whys Statistics Denmark has a long tradition for publishing energy statistics e.g. Energy supply of Denmark 1900 – 1958 The Statistical Department, Copenhagen (1959) Long tradition for compiling supply and use tables and IO-tables as part of the work with national accounts First oil crisis – focus on energy and security of supply Data needed for analysis of effects on the economy Energy Agency founded in 1976 11/6/2018

The whys, cont.’ Improvement of the national accounts Wanted to have a close link with physical flows Improve fixed price calculations Link to economy, input-output tables – enables analysis of the link between economy and use of energy at the macro as well as the industry level Allows for a series of quality checks that cannot be carried out if only either physical or monetary data are available 11/6/2018

The Danish Energy Flow Accounts Supply and use of 40 types of energy broken down by 117 industries The same types of energy as in the energy balance Time series 1966 – 2010 Physical as well as monetary energy flow accounts Monetary accounts part of the supply use tables of the National Accounts Approx. 40 commodities out of a total of 2350 commodities 11/6/2018

The hows - compilation in practice Compilation strategy Product by product First, supply and use in physical (specific) units and monetary values (basic prices) simultaneously Secondly, uses in other price levels Finally, common units and calculation of net use of energy Specific units Basic prices Trade margins Energy, CO2, SO2 taxes VAT Market prices Common units Net use of energy 11/6/2018

Compilation strategy and data sources Step 1: What is available for economic activities? Production + Imports – Exports – Changes in inventories Step 2: What is used according to the data sources? Data sources, e.g. Basic energy statistics – energy balance Census on the industrial companies’ use of energy Administrative data. Reimbursement of energy taxes Residual is broken down by data on employment Step 3: Supply and use is balanced Step 4: Rearrangement into a supply and use table Please see spreadsheet for an example 11/6/2018

Trade margins Based on a percentage of the basic price Wholesale trade margins Retail trade margins Trade margins include transportation costs 11/6/2018

Environmental taxes Energy taxes, CO2-tax, SO2-tax Quantity * ‘specific energy product tax rate’ Balanced to the actual revenue recorded in the public finances account 11/6/2018

Value added tax (VAT) (Basic price + wholesale margins + retail trade margins + energy taxes + CO2-taxes + SO2-taxes) * ‘specific yearly VAT - rate’ The standard VAT-rate is adjusted in order to take into account the VAT-legislation Basic prices + Trade margins + Taxes + VAT = Market prices 11/6/2018

Quality control Development in the time series Development in the industry specific intensities Use of energy compared to output at fixed prices Internal checks: Conversion losses Input-output ratio in refineries Contribution to Gross Value Added Market unit prices in relation to observed prices Value of energy input compared to total input 11/6/2018

The Danish Energy Flow Accounts 11/6/2018

Possible applications when organised in an integration framework like SEEA/SNA Hybrid accounts Links between energy, economy, employment etc. and other environmental domains Energy intensities / energy productivity Analysis of the relationship with the economy Input-Output table based analysis Input in extended macroeconomic models 11/6/2018

Hybrid Accounts: Link to the Economy 11/6/2018

Energy Intensities by industries 11/6/2018

Other applications: Modelling and compilation of air emissions accounts Input-output analysis Indirect flows What are the drivers? Which types of final demand? Consumption perspective rather than production perspective Energy embodied in imports The energy accounts are used as input in macro-economic models Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building Danish Economic Councils Ministry of Finance Business associations, banks, consultants etc. Input in the compilation of air emissions accounts 11/6/2018

IO modelling results Use of energy by causing final demand Can be broken down by industries Direct and indirect. In Denmark and globally Private consumption can be broken down by consumption categories – e.g. type of food or services 11/6/2018

Close cooperation with Energy Agency Statistics Denmark Energy Agency September November Totals Break downs 11/6/2018

Contact information Thomas Olsen Senior Adviser Statistics Denmark National Accounts Division Tol@dst.dk 11/6/2018