Roots of Democracy World History

Two Categories of Government Democracy – Government by the people / Decisions made by the people Autocracy - Government by one person (King / Queen / Emperor / Pharaoh)

Decision Making Autocratic or Democratic? Teacher decides there will be a test on Friday Group of Friends decide on which movie to go to by discussing three possible movies and voting on which one they want to see. Fast food Manager decides to give workers a dollar per hour raise

Autocratic or Democratic? Parents listen to daughter complain about staying out late and decide to let child stay out 1 hour later. Parents allow all 3 children to choose (vote) what vacation to go on. Mayor, elected by citizens, decides to build a new city hall Citizens voted in favor of a city tax measure to increase funding to schools

Autocratic Advantages Efficient Order Changes can Happen Quickly

Autocratic Disadvantages Needs a Strong Leader Decisions may not be interest of everyone Too much power leads to corruption

Democratic Advantages Everyone has a say Corruption more difficult Power too diffuse

Democratic Disadvantages Messy, takes time Sometimes hard to make difficult decisions Need an Educated Citizenry

Autocratic forms of Government Theocracy Monarchy Tyranny Oligarchy Aristocracy

Democratic forms of Government Direct Democracy Republic Parliamentary System Constitutional Monarchy

Anarchy Total Lack of Government (State of Nature) No Rules, No Leaders

Rule by the masses/people Democracy Rule by the masses/people No Leader All Decisions made by the community Created in ancient Athens True Democracies only work in small groups

Rule by People’s Representative Created in Ancient Rome Republic Rule by People’s Representative Created in Ancient Rome Senator = Representative

Leader: The Priest or Main Religious Figure Theocracy Rule by Religion Leader: The Priest or Main Religious Figure Examples: Ancient Egypt, Modern Iran, Vatican City

???????? What would be some problems with having government based on a single religion?

Monarchy Rule by a single leader, typically claims Divine Right

Rule by a few individuals Oligarchy Rule by a few individuals

Aristocracy Rule by the Wealthy

Athenian Democracy (Solon, Cliesthenese, and Pericles)

Athenian Democracy (Solon, Cleisthenese, and Pericles) Greek Leader Contribution to Democracy Solon Cliesthenese Pericles

Solon Outlawed Slavery 4 Classes based on Wealth not Heredity Only 3 Higher classes were able to hold public office Fairer code of laws Despite reforms Athens continued to be an autocracy

Cleisthenese Reorganized Assembly Allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate and passage Created Council of 400 Advised Assembly Seen as Founder of Greek Democracy

Pericles Led Athens in Golden Age 461-429 B.C Established Direct Democracy Increased number of public officials Poorer citizens were able to participate

Greek Philosophy Greek Thinkers Assumptions 1.Universe is orderly 2.People can understand order of universe Respect for Human Intelligence and Reason allowed Democracy to flourish

Aristotle vs. Plato Plato Aristotle Major Works Beliefs about Man Beliefs about Government Beliefs about democracy Summary of Primary Source

Plato “The Republic” Rule of Philosopher Kings Democracy = Rule of the Appetites Aristocracy= Rule of the Rich

Aristotle “Politics” Man is by nature political Legitimate Government- common good Tyranny?, Democracy? Constitutional Government

Roman Republic Roman Society was made of Plebians and Patricians Rome’s Republic Senate 2 Consuls Assembly Dictator

Roman Law Twelve Tables step toward fair government Complied into “Justinian Code” “government of laws not men”

Judaism Hebrew’s Monotheism -Created in God’s image, live moral lives - “Divine Spark” - God Given Rights, Freedom - 10 Commandments - Ethical vs. Legal Code

Christianity Jesus of Nazareth - emphasized morality equality and compassion - spread of Judeo-Christian ideas through Roman Empire

Islam/muslim Muhammad 600ce Allah Brotherhood and dignity of all people Charity Leaders have to obey same laws as those they ruled

Legacy of Monotheism Duty to to combat oppression Worth of individual = of people before God

Renaissance Renewed interest in Classical Culture Humanism Italian vs. Northern Renaissance Spread of Ideas through Printing Press Rebirth- old monuments art - greek and roman books- Eathly life for it’s own sake

Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo Da Vinci

Raphael Sanzio

Francesco Petrarch

Niccolo Machiavelli

Albrecht Durer

Jan Van Eyck

Pieter Bruegel

William Shakespeare

Reformation Martin Luther’s 95 Theses England’s Protestant Revolution indulgences Individuality and freedom from Church Bible alone Faith alone Priesthood of all believers England’s Protestant Revolution Calvinism Catholic Reformation People could make their own jusdgemtns and Religion private matter Interpret bible for self

Legacy of Ren and Ref Growth of democracy by challenging monarchs and popes. Ind important

England’s Medieval Democratic Developments Henry II Jury System Common law precedents King John- Magna Carta (Great Charter) Contract between King and Nobles Limited the power of the king Governance according to law-not anyway they choose Due Process of Law Consent of Governed (Parliament) Power of purse

England’s Civil War King James I and Divine Right Star chamber-royal court Power comes form God t/f absolute

James I [r. 1603-1625] I’s speech to the House of Commons: I am surprised that my ancestors should ever be permitted such an institution (parliament)to come into existence. I am a stranger, and found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of!

King James Bible, 1611

Charles I [r. 1625-1649] Charles I and the Petition of Right Needs money to fight Scots Petition of Right No taxes w/o Parliament No imprisoning prisioners Housing troops in homes Maintaining military during peacetimes

Charles I by Van Dyck (1633)

The Many Faces of Charles I

“The Stuart Magna Carta” The Petition of Rights, 1628 “The Stuart Magna Carta”

Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliamentarians (Roundheads) Civil War (1621-1649) Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliamentarians (Roundheads) House of Lords Aristocracy Large landowners Church officials More rural, less prosperous House of Commons Puritans Merchants Townspeople More urban , more prosperous

The Beheading of Charles I, 1649

Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658] The Commonwealth (Republic) (1649-1653) The Protectorate (1654-1660)

England’s Glorious Revolution Cromwell first establishes a commonwealth Cromwell tears up constitution and becomes Lord Protectorate Puritan Morality

Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658] The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660] The Commonwealth (Republic) (1649-1653) The Protectorate (1654-1660)

King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] Parliament retains power Restored the theaters and reopened the pubs and brothels closed during the Restoration. Favored religious toleration. Realized that he could not repeat the mistakes his father had made. Habeas Corpus Had charm, poise, & political skills. Had secret Catholic sympathies. Hab corpus- produce the body- accused with evidence

King James II [r. 1685-1688] Was a bigoted convert to Catholicism without any of Charles II’s shrewdness or ability to compromise. Divine right Provoked the revolution that Charles II had succeeded in avoiding! Produces son Daughter mary is protestant

The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688 Whig & Tory leaders offered the throne jointly to James II’s daughter Mary [raised a Protestant] & her husband, William of Orange. He was a vigorous enemy of Louis XIV. He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause.

English Bill of Rights [1689] It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament. It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18c and early 19c in England.

English Bill of Rights [1689] Main provisions: The King could not suspend the operation of laws. The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent. Freedom of speech in Parliament. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. The monarch must be a Protestant. Freedom from arbitrary arrest. Censorship of the press was dropped. Religious toleration.

Legacy Rule of law Parliamentary rule Ind rights Constitutional monarchy

The Age of Reason & Enlightenment

Enlightenment Bringing the light of knowledge to their ignorant fellow creatures. What is the meaning of life, God, human nature, good and evil, and cause and effect

Traditions and Superstitions The “Great Debate” Reason & Logic Traditions and Superstitions rationalism empiricism tolerance skepticism Deism nostalgia for the past organized religions irrationalism emotionalism