Gamete Production Day One Meiosis Gamete Production Day One

Chromosomes and Meiosis Specialized cells in the body – 2 types: Somatic cells (body cells) Makes up your body tissues and organs DNA in your body cells not passed onto your children Germ cells (Sex cells – turns into gametes) Cells in your reproductive organs

Chromosomes Threadlike structure made up of DNA and protein that carries genetic information (characteristics for an organism) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Hereditary material carried by organisms Visible when cells is dividing Number of chromosomes vary per organism Ferns - 1200

Human Body Cells Each of your body cells contains a set of 46 chromosomes Comes in 23 pairs Cells are genetically identical to each other unless there is a mutation Remember, cells within an organism differ from each other Different genes are expressed, NOT because they have different genes

Human cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes We have a total of 46 chromosomes (23 from mother and 23 from father) Human cells use both sets of chromosomes to function properly Each pair of chromosomes – homologous pair Homologous “same structure” 2 chromosomes – one from mom and one from dad – that have the same length and general appearance

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Image modified by Riedell SAME SIZE SAME SHAPE CARRY GENES for the SAME TRAITS BUT ______________! (Don’t have to have the SAME CHOICES) NOT IDENTICAL http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

Homologous Chromosomes Have copies of the same genes Numbers are assigned to each pair of homologous chromosomes, ordered from largest to smallest Largest pair is number 1 Pairs 1 through 22 are autosomes Not related to sex of organism

Sex chromosomes What about the 23rd pair? Sex chromosomes Directly control the development of sexual characteristics Human have 2 different chromosomes: X and Y Sex determined varies upon species Sex in humans is determined by XY system XX is a female XY is male

Body Cells are diploid; gametes are haploid Sexual reproduction – Involves the fusion of 2 gametes that results in offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents; Not genetically identical Fertilization – Fusion of egg and sperm Body cells and gametes have different numbers of chromosomes.

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES DIPLOID & HAPLOID Most cells have 2 copies of each chromosome = ______________ (one from mom; one from dad) All BODY (___________) cells are diploid DIPLOID 2n HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES = SOMATIC

DIPLOID & HAPLOID HAPLOID 1n Some cells have only one copy of each chromosome = _____________ All sperm and egg cells are haploid HAPLOID 1n

Remember from Chapter 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS ALL LIVING THINGS __________ REPRODUCE

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION BINARY FISSION Mitosis Bacteria reproduce using __________________________________ Budding & regeneration are used by plants and animals to reproduce asexually _________________ BINARY FISSION Mitosis

BINARY FISSION & MITOSIS Produces cells that are __________ copies of parent cell identical

ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Can make offspring faster Don’t need a partner http://www.mrgrow.com/images/cutting.jpg

DISVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ALL ALIKE Species CAN’T change and adapt One disease can wipe out whole population http://www.mrgrow.com/images/cutting.jpg

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Combines genetic material from 2 parents (sperm & egg) so offspring are genetically __________ from parents DIFFERENT

ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Allows for variation in population Individuals can be different Provides foundation for EVOLUTION Allow species adapt to changes in their environment http://naturalsciences.sdsu.edu/classes/lab8/spindex.html

MEIOSIS is the way… to make cells with ½ the number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm

Makes ___ cells genetically _________ to parent cell & to each other REVIEW: MITOSIS 2 Makes ___ cells genetically _________ to parent cell & to each other Makes ___ cells Makes __________ Used by organisms to: increase size of organism, repair injuries, replace worn out cells identical 2n SOMATIC (body) http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm

Mitosis Review

4 1n Gametes (sperm & eggs) sexual reproduction MEIOSIS Makes ____ cells genetically different from parent cell & from each other Makes _____ cells Makes ______________ Used for ____________ 1n Gametes (sperm & eggs) sexual reproduction http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm

Meiosis

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? SYNAPSIS & CROSSING OVER (PROPHASE I) SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT (ANAPHASE I) 3. Skip INTERPHASE II (NO S) CELL DIVIDES TWICE, BUT… ONLY COPIES DNA ONCE

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? Homologous chromosomes pair up during ________________ = ______________ PROPHASE I SYNAPSIS This group of FOUR (4) chromatids is called a _________________ TETRAD Images modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT? 2. Exchange of DNA between homologous pairs = _____________ during PROPHASE I CROSSING OVER Allows shuffling of genetic material http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

rearranging of DNA CROSSING OVER NOT IDENTICAL Allows for_________________ in different combinations After crossing over, chromatid arms are________________ anymore NOT IDENTICAL http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? 3.Separation during ANAPHASE I SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Separates gene choices and allows shuffling of genetic material

SEGREGATION (Anaphase I)

SEGREGATION & CROSSING OVER together make even more combinations See an animation http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT at ANAPHASE I Lots of different combinations are possible! This is why you don’t look exactly like your brothers and sisters even though you share the same parents!

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? 4. Skip INTERPHASE II (No S) CELL DIVIDES TWICE, BUT … ONLY COPIES ITS DNA ONCE MITOSIS: G1 S G2 P M A T C        MEIOSIS: G1 A T C S G2 P M ( I )        P M A T C ( II )    

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? Crossing over Segregation Independent assortment are ALL ways MEIOSIS results in =______________________________ So daughter cells are ______________ from parents and from each other GENETIC RECOMBINATION different

Ticket out the Door What are somatic cells and germ cells? How many chromosomes do your body cells have? How many pairs of chromosomes do your body cells have? What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes? What are the three points that make meiosis different from mitosis?

Gamete Production Day Two Meiosis Gamete Production Day Two

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS INTERPHASE INTERPHASE I DNA is spread out as chromatin Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus visible DNA is copied during S phase Makes stuff new cell needs in G2 SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE I DNA scrunches into chromosomes Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear Same as mitosis Difference: Homologous pairs match up

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE I Chromosomes line up in middle Same as mitosis Difference: With homologous partner

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE I APART: APART: Chromatids split Chromatids stay together Homologous pairs split

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE I See TWO nuclei Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus return DNA spreads out as chromatin Spindle/centrioles disappear SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS I Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS INTERPHASE II DNA is spread out as chromatin Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus visible DNA is copied during S phase SKIP INTERPHASE II DNA NOT COPIED

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE II DNA scrunches into chromosomes Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE II Chromosomes line up in middle SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE II Chromatids split and move apart SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE II Two nuclei Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus returns Centrioles/spindle fibers disappear DNA spreads out as chromatin SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS II Cytoplasm splits SAME AS MITOSIS

Meiosis Animation - Sumanas Meiosis - McGraw Hill Meiosis Animation

Ticket Out the Door