CHRIS ALAS, MA WEST LOOP CAMPUS FINAL REVIEW FALL 2014 CHRIS ALAS, MA WEST LOOP CAMPUS

APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC APPROACH 1. Hypothesis 2. Independent Variable (IV) 3. Dependent Variable (DV) 4. Experimental group 5. Control group 6. Random assignment 7. Population 8. Sample

CHAPTER 2 – RESEARCH METHODS INDEPENDENT VARIABLE vs. DEPENDANT VARIABLE

DESIGN A STUDY 4. SAMPLING BIAS A new medication that makes people smarter has been discovered by Dr. Chris. Per FDA guidelines medicaltion “X” requires experiemental methods to ensure its’ effectiveness. 1. Placebo 2. Double-blind Procedure 3. Placebo effects 4. SAMPLING BIAS CREATE SAMPLE NOT REPRESENTATIVE OF POPULATION OF INTEREST

CHAPTER 2 – RESEARCH METHODS An experimenter test’s a hypothesis that physical exercise effects people’s mood. Participants in experimental group participate on Sat and Sun and those in control group exercise Mon and Tues. What is DEPANDANT VARIABLE What is INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Experimenter Group

CHAPTER 2 – RESEARCH METHODS SURVEY NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION CASE STUDY

ETHICS…..WHY? RESPECT RIGHTS OF OTHERS RIGHT TO PRIVACY PAID TO PARTICIPATE PARTICPANTS SHOULD VOLUNTEER

COMMUNICATION WITHIN NEURON NETWORK

NEURON

PROGRESSION OF ACTION POTENTIAL

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

BEGINNING OF THE BRAIN

LOBES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN

STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES

PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE Psychology changed dramatically during the early 20th- century as another school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominance. Behaviorism was a major change from previous theoretical perspectives, rejecting the emphasis on both the conscious and unconscious mind. Psychology changed dramatically during the early 20th-century as another school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominance.

BEHAVIORISM Behavioral approach was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920s to 1950 : Based on a number of underlying assumptions regarding methodology and behavioral analysis Behaviorism strove to make psychology a more scientific discipline by focusing purely on observable behavior.

Psychology should be seen as a science Theories need to be supported by empirical data obtained through careful and controlled observation and measurement of behavior. People have “no free will” a person’s environment determines their behavior There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals. Therefore research can be carried out on animals as well as humans.

PSYCHOLOGY BACKGROUND Behavior is the result of stimulus – response all behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus – response association Watson stated that “psychology as a behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is … prediction and control” (1913, p. 158).

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING A process of behavior modification by which: a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response.

LITTLE ALBERT VIDEO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI#action=sha re http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE

US UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS CS CONDITIONED STIMULUS Abbreviations US UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS A stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning CS CONDITIONED STIMULUS A neutral stimulus that when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) elicits a similar response

UR UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE CR CONDITIONED RESPONSE Abbreviations UR UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE Automatic response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus CR CONDITIONED RESPONSE A response that is learned by pairing the originally neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

CONVERSION OF UCS TO CR Pavlovian (or classical) conditioning builds on reflexes: We begin with an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response -- a reflex! We then associate a neutral stimulus with the reflex by presenting it with the unconditioned stimulus. Over a number of repetitions, the neutral stimulus by itself will elicit the response! At this point, the neutral stimulus is renamed the conditioned stimulus, and the response is called the conditioned response.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING - EXAMPLE

(cont) PIAJET’S STAGES OF COGNTIVE DEVELOPMENT

ERIK ERIKSON – PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT http://video.about.com/psychology/Overview-of-Erikson-s-Theory-of-Psychosocial-Development.htm

HEINZ DILEMNA In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife. Should the husband have done that? 

KOHLBERG’S STAGE THEORY

GENDER DIFFERENCE Gender Roles vs. Gender

AGING Dementia vs. Alzheimer’s Disease Abnormal condition marked by cognitive deficits including memory impairment

PERSONALITY – BIG FIVE

SIGMUND FREUD

What is HUMANISM?

BEHAVIORAL GENETICS – BIOLOGICAL VIEW PURPOSE OF TWIN STUDIES AND ENVIRONMENT

SCHIZOPHRENIA – THOUGHT DISORDER Schizophrenia is a serious psychological disorder marked by: Delusions Hallucinations loss of contact with reality inappropriate affect disorganized speech social withdrawal deterioration of adaptive behavior

SCHIZOPHRENIA – THOUGHT DISORDER Schizophrenia is the most chronic and debilitating of all psychological disorders. It affects men and women equally, occurs in similar rates across ethnicities and across cultures, and affects at any one time approximately 3 million people in the United States Onset of schizophrenia is usually between the ages of 16 and 30 and rarely after the age of 45 or in children

SCHIZOPHRENIA – THOUGHT DISORDER Schizophrenia is accompanied by a variety of symptoms, but not all patients have all of them: Positive symptoms refer to the presence of abnormal behaviors or experiences (such as hallucinations) that are not observed in normal people. At least one of the core positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech) must be present in order for schizophrenia to be diagnosed. Negative symptoms (such as lack of affect and an inability to socialize with others) refer to the loss or deterioration of thoughts and behaviors that are typical of normal functioning. Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are typically difficult for outsiders to recognize but make it extremely difficult for the sufferer to lead a normal life. These symptoms include difficulty comprehending information and using it to make decisions (the lack of executive control), difficulty maintaining focus and attention, and problems with working memory (the ability to use information immediately after it is learned).

SYMPTOMOLOGY Hallucinations Social withdrawal Poor executive control Positive symptoms Negative symptoms Cognitive symptoms Hallucinations Social withdrawal Poor executive control   Delusions (of grandeur or persecution) Flat affect and lack of pleasure in everyday life Trouble focusing Derailment Apathy and loss of motivation Working memory problems Grossly disorganized behavior Distorted sense of time Poor problem-solving abilities Inappropriate affect Lack of goal-oriented activity

BI-POLAR DISORDER (MOOD DISORDER) Serious shifts in mood, energy, thinking, and behavior—from the highs of mania on one extreme, to the lows of depression on the other. More than just a fleeting good or bad mood, the cycles of bipolar disorder last for days, weeks, or months. And unlike ordinary mood swings, the mood changes of bipolar disorder are so intense that they interfere with your ability to function.

BIOMEDICAL THERAPY MEDICATION ELECTROSHOCK THERAPY