James Madison President (1809 – 1817) One of the Founding Fathers Federalist who became Jefferson’s right hand man

U.S.A. BORDERS IN 1812

CRASH COURSE – WAR OF 1812

THE WAR OF 1812 – OVERVIEW Embargo = Gov. order that forbids trade with another country Embargos by Jefferson harmed American sailors too no money when you shut down the trade Madison Tried to deal with GB and FR to improve foreign relations and the U.S. economy Succumbed to “War Hawks” pressure to go to war South and West pressured Madison to go war to push GB out of Canada Cost of War Country greatly in debt after the war Click Image for video about War of 1812

THE WAR OF 1812 – WHO BRITISH AMERICANS (U.S.A.) Tecumseh, leader of united some Native American tribes Incited “Red Stick” Creek Wars Cherokee, Choctaw, and Southern Creek Indians President James Madison Naval Capt. Oliver Hazard Perry who won the battle of Lake Erie Gen. Andrew Jackson “Old Hickory” Battle of New Orleans

THE WAR OF 1812 – WHY: ISSUES AT SEA 1805, Barbary Wars Fighting pirates off coast of Africa Britain & France at War Global impact = fighting over territory & trade rights with other nations Impressments Boarding & confiscating ships Forcing men to serve in British military French forcing Americans to trade with them or attacking their ships Trade Restrictions Embargoes limited New England & NY trade

THE WAR OF 1812 – WHY: ISSUES ON THE FRONTIER Land Disputes N.A. & American land disputes Indiana, Tennessee, Ohio, etc. British & American settlements Fighting for the land along the Canadian border British offering “scalp money” for N.A. attacks on Americans Considered worse than Hessian mercenaries

THE WAR OF 1812 – WHY: ISSUES IN CONGRESS War Hawks Visualize: Hawks circling their prey before attacking These members of Congress promoting war to demonstrate international power Henry Clay John C. Calhoun

THE WAR OF 1812 – WHERE: MAJOR BATTLES Interactive battle map: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nURZMqnG1s

THE WAR OF 1812 – WHERE: THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS January 8, 1815 War already declared over by GB but the treaty had not reached Louisiana yet Jackson's 5,000 soldiers won a victory over 7,500 British British = 2,037 casualties Americans = 71 casualties

THE WAR OF 1812 – THE OUTCOME Stalemate/Cease Fire U.S. likes to believe they won largely in part due to Battle of New Orleans & British not taking over America again Treaty of Ghent (Belgium) signed December 1814 Gave rise to Nationalism Inspires poem to become National Anthem (later) All conquered territory was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada – but this was still incomplete. Casualties ~6,700 killed, wounded and MIA Americans; ~5,000 British Unresolved Issues U.S. in further debt No solutions to trade disputes & impressments Boundaries still disputed (Where does U.S. end? Why should it?) Relations with Natives

PRESIDENT MONROE – 1817-1825 5th U.S. President Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States Believed in Isolationism Washington’s philosophy but to the point of being territorial

THE MONROE DOCTRINE – 1823 Latin American Revolution Monroe’s Dilemma Revolutions in the Latin America would open the door for new trade relations. GB and USA hoped Spain would be kicked out of Latin America Monroe’s Dilemma Do we get involved yet again in foreign affairs? John Quincy Adams drafts Monroe’s Doctrine: North & South America are free & independent No future subjects for colonization by another country Western Hemisphere = off-limits to Europe; any interference = declaration of war! Overall message The U.S. is a strong, confident nation; back off!