Ali Fares Associate Professor of Watershed Hydrology Evaluation of Natural Resource Management: Watershed Hydrology, a Hawaiian Prospective Ali Fares Associate Professor of Watershed Hydrology 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Moisture in Atmosphere! Moisture is added to atmosphere through evapotion. Water vapor in air exerts partial pressure called vapor pressure The relationship among moisture content in the atmosphere, temperature and vapor pressure determine the occurrence and amounts of evaporation & precipitation see Figure. RH is ratio of VP (ea) to saturation VP (es) at a given temperature. Vapor pressure deficit Dew point temperature 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Moisture in the Atmosphere lnes = 21.382 – 5347.5/T 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Lecture Outline SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY. What Is Surface Water Hydrology? Watersheds. Delineating a Watershed. P O L I C Y I S S U E. Overland Flow. Rivers. Components of a River. River Morphology. Types of Rivers. Gradient. Lakes. Types of Lakes. Ecological Zones. Thermal Cycles. Seiches. Transport and Deposition. Velocity. Sediment Load. Water Measurement. Overland Flow. River Discharge. Water Storage in Lakes and Reservoirs. Flood Events. Flood Frequency. Probable Maximum Precipitation. Probable Maximum Flood. G U E S T E S S AY GIS and Flooding by Jake Freier. P O L I C Y I S S U E. 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Hydrology The scientific study of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the earth's surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere. HYDROLOGY is the science of water that is concerned with the origin, circulation, distribution and properties of water of the earth. 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management What’s a Watershed? WATERSHED, or CATCHMENT, is a topographic area that is drained by a stream, that is, the total land area above some point on a stream or river that drains past that point. The watershed is often used as a planning or management unit. Natural environment unit. 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Topo Maps The USGS took over responsibility for mapping the country in 1879 and has been the primary civilian mapping agency of the United States ever since. The best known USGS maps are the 1:24,000-scale topographic maps, also known as 7.5-minute quadrangles. More than 55,000 7.5-minute maps were made to cover the 48 conterminous States. This is the only uniform map series that covers the entire area of the United States in considerable detail. 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Ala Wai Canal Watershed 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Rainfall / Precipitation Spatial Distribution 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Formation of rainfall on a tropical island 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Rain Spatial Distribution, Windward 60m 2,500 mm 1570m 9,400 mm 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Precipitation Estimation 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Precipitation Estimation 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Precipitation Estimation 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Precipitation Estimation 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Precipitation Estimation 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Precipitation Estimation 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Rainfall spatial distribution 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Rainfall Spatial Distribution PRIZM model Site-specific Interpolation 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Oahu, October 30th 2004 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Precipitation Measurement The Standard Fog Collector (Schemenauer and Cereceda, 1994) 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Fog Interception Despite the extremely high rainfall in the area fog remains a substantial part of the water budget of these forests, especially at altitudes between 600 and 2000 meters. Fog interception may range between 126% and 367% of what is collected by a standard rain gage. 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Fog drip in tropical cloud forests on East Maui, Hawaii Cloud water interception adds significantly to rainfall at both dry (leeward) and wet (windward) cloud forest sites in Hawai'i. Cloud water interception was equivalent to 268 mm yr-1 at Auwahi and 1073 mm yr-1 at Waikamoi. Measured throughfall was about 65% of incident rainfall at Auwahi, and 119% of incident rainfall at Waikamoi. Throughfall was dominated by rainfall at both the Waikamoi and Auwahi sites, and was significantly influenced by fog only at the windward site. Scholl et al. 2004 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Precipitation Canopy Interception 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Rain Canopy Interception 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Water Balance 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Infiltration Infiltration is the actual rate at which water is entering the soil at any given time(SCSA, 1976). Infiltration capacity: Maximum rate (LT-1). 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Measuring infiltration Double ring infiltrometer Tension infiltrometer Xiaodong, 2002 Guelph Permeameter 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Surface Water 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

What are the components of a Hydrograph? Tsihrintzis, 2002 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Runoff variability: monthly stream discharge 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Runoff variability: instantaneous stream discharge 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Trends in Streamflow Characteristics in HI 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

USGS stream-gaging stations in HI 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Trends in Streamflow Characteristics in HI Analysis of trends in base flow (ground-water discharge to streams) provides insight related to changes in ground-water storage, whereas analysis of trends in total flow (base flow plus direct runoff) provides insight related to changes in actual flow in the stream as well as changes in high flow. Statistically significant downward trends in annual base flow during 1913–2002 were detected at all seven stations. Long-term downward trends in base flow are consistent with long-term downward trends in rainfall over much of the State during this period. Thus, the downward trends in base flow at the long-term-trend stations may be representative of many other streams throughout the State as well. 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Precipitation measurement: throughfall 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

Precipitation measurement: fog interception The Standard Fog Collector (Schemenauer and Cereceda, 1994) 11/7/2018 NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management