Bird Anatomy Notes.

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Presentation transcript:

Bird Anatomy Notes

Anatomy 1.) Bones -Hollow but very strong -Honeycombs inside bone for support -Large eye sockets reduce skull weight -Wing bones lighter, leg bones heavier -All vertebrae but neck are fused together 2.) Muscles -Large and relatively heavy -Pectoral muscles=25% of total body weight

Anatomy 3.) Feathers -Four kinds, need to know 2 of them a.) Contour feather (flight feather) - Stiff central shaft - Many side branches called barbs - Barbs have interlocking barbules b.) Downy feather – clustered at base of contour -Short shafts with long fluffy barbs -Insulate bird  trap air close to body Preening = zipping up barbs that separated

Anatomy 4.) Crop and Gizzard -Crop is a storage area at the end of the esophagus  softens food - Gizzard contains small stones (and muscular walls)  breaks food into small pieces which travel to the intestines, where nutrients are absorbed

Anatomy 5.) Reproduction -Male and female sex organs incredibly small until mating season (hormones kick in!!) - Testes swell as much as 300x bigger -Most males have no external reproductive structures = no penis -Mating = touching male & female cloaca (male stands on her back) *Some do while flying! -Shelled egg, more yolk! -Lots of parental care BOTH before & after hatching

Anatomy 6.) Respiration -Continuous -Lungs have a series of air sacs that are always filled with fresh air, even when the bird is exhaling! -Birds need huge amounts of O2: -Extremely high metabolism -Extremely active

Bird Ecology “Barometers of an ecosystem’s health” Canary in coal mine Important Roles of birds: Pollination Seed Dispersal Insect Control Rodent Control Scavengers **Key members of food chains!

Important Bird Behaviors Complex mating behaviors Nest building Singing Dances Caring for young **All inborn behaviors = not learned! Example: Eagle nest can be 3m x 7m and weigh over 1,000 lbs! They also mate for life and use the same nest for life!

Important Bird Behaviors Migration Travel great distances (feeding grounds to mating grounds) How? Use landmarks (rivers, mountains, coastlines) Star position Follow the flock Earth’s magnetic field Greatest migrator= Arctic Tern Flies from Greenland to Antarctica and back 22,320 miles!!

Bird Watching Builds appreciation and empathy Beautiful colors & songs Interesting behaviors (feeding, mating…) ALSO Indicators or environment’s health If see/hear less birds: Habitat loss (more farm, less forest = Cowbird parasites!!) Introduction of Exotics (Guam snakes) Pollution Population of humans Overharvest/Overconsumption (pet trade of tropical birds & chicken farming)