Pre Teens  Teenage  Adults

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Pre Teens  Teenage  Adults

The Brain Brainstem Medulla controls heartbeat and breathing responsible for automatic survival functions Medulla controls heartbeat and breathing Brainstem the central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull responsible for automatic survival functions Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing Brainstem, controls for heartbeat and breathing—swell is called the medulla. Vital Functions : Breathing Blood circulation Swallowing Urination

Reticular Formation Reticular activating system (RAS) Maintains consciousness and alertness Functions in sleep and arousal from sleep Reticular formation The brainstem also contains networks of neurons, known collectively as the reticular formation, that project up into the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia and affect general arousal. The reticular formation is also involved in inducing and terminating the different stages of sleep. The autonomy of the brain stem can be dramatically illustrated by severing an animal’s brain stem from the entire brain above it, including its entire cerebral cortex. Cats that receive this treatment can still walk around and direct attacks at noises; if they then find themselves holding on to food, they will eat it. Some cases have been reported of humans born without cerebral cortices, and their behaviors are extremely basic and reflexive. Such infants tend not to develop normally and also do not tend to survive

The Cerebellum helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance the “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem, cerebellum actually means little brain. Also helps involved in nonverbal learning and memory (will discuss in later chapters), if you injured your cerebellum you would have difficulty walking, keeping your balance, shaking hands. Note: these lower brain functions occur without any conscious effort.

The Limbic System The limbic system is an older term for a group of subcortical structures dealing with basic drives, emotions and memory The diencefpahlon (or between brain) the hypothalamus and thalamus The hippocampus and amygdala The basal ganglia The dreebral cortex

The Limbic System Hypothalamus neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities eating drinking body temperature helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland linked to emotion

The Limbic System Amygdala two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion and fear Researchers began to find evidence that the amygdala was involved in the emotion of fear in the late 1930s. Monkeys with damage to the brain cluster and surrounding areas had a dramatic drop of fearfulness. Later, studies showed that rats with targeted amygdala damage would snuggle up to cats. But if you electrically stimulate the amygdala in a normally placid domestic animal such as a cat, the cat prepares to attach by hissing, arching its back, pupils dilate, and its hair stands up on end. Accumulating revelations about this fear system led researchers recently to examine the human brain's response to fear with imaging studies. One study showed that pictures of frightening faces initiate a quick rise and fall of activity in the amygdala. In the future, scientists believe imaging techniques may help determine the course of treatment for disorders involving a malfunction in fear processing. For example, a person with an extreme fear of germs who continuously washes, known as an obsessive-compulsive disorder,

The Brain Thalamus the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla Thalamus- located on top of the brainstem, a joined pair of egg-shaped structures, Receives sensory info, routes it to higher brain regions that deal with seeing, tasting, touching etc. directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

The Cerebral Cortex Posterior Frontal Lobe Anterior the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres The Cerebral Cortex

The Cerebral Cortex Frontal Lobes Parietal Lobes Planning (Posterior) Decision Making (Anterior) Parietal Lobes include the sensory cortex The cerebral cortex is organized or divided into 4 regions or lobes. frontal lobe- behind your forehead, executive functions. -parietal lobe- at the top and to the rear of the head

The Cerebral Cortex Temporal Lobes Occipital Lobes include the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear Occipital Lobes include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field Occipital lobe- at the back of your head -Temporal lobe- just above your ears; receives auditory info primarily from the opposite ear. The lobes are separated by prominent fissures or folds. Important to note that although each lobe carries out different functions, many of our functions require the interplay or involvement of several lobes. Temporal lobes -- each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear

Our Divided Brains Corpus collosum – large bundle of neural fibers (myelinated axons, or white matter) connecting the two hemispheres

Hemispheric Specialization RIGHT Spatial perception Overall picture Context, metaphor LEFT Symbolic thinking (Language) Detail Literal meaning

Brain Plasticity The ability of the brain to reorganize neural pathways based on new experiences Persistent functional changes in the brain represent new knowledge Age dependent component Brain injuries

Environmental influences on neuroplasticity Impoverished environment Enriched environment

The Nervous System The nervous system is made up of neurons, nerve cells that transmit signals or “messages” throughout the body. Dendrites – The rootlike structures at the ends of neurons that receive messages from other neurons. Axon – The long, thin part of a neuron along which nerve impulses travel. © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Nervous System Terminals – The small branching structures at the tips of axons. Neurotransmitters – Chemical substances that transmit messages from one neuron to another. Synapse – The junction between one neuron and another across which neurotransmitters pass. Receptor site – A part of a dendrite on a receiving neuron that is structured to receive a neurotransmitter. © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.