Bell Ringer Date: 02/10/2016 Objective: Identify and explain examples of symbiosis including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Question: What is the difference between an innate and learned behavior?

Four Square Ecology

Using your Biology textbook define each of the terms Using your Biology textbook define each of the terms. (organism, population, community, ecosystem) In box 1 draw ONE organisms (living thing) & NOTHING ELSE. In box 2 draw two or three of your organisms from square 1. In box 3 draw your population from square two PLUS an additional population of another living thing. In box 4 draw your community from square 3 PLUS any abiotic factors that contribute to your picture.

Ecology

WHAT IS ECOLOGY? Ecology- the study of interactions between organisms and their environments, focusing on energy transfer Ecology is a science of relationships What do you think about when I say ecology? Recycling? Acid rain?

Can YOU fill in the blanks?

Questions to consider… How do leaf-eating insects affect the growth of a tree? How does spraying pesticides affect the water? What do weather patterns affect bird migration?

Levels of Organization Ecologists study several different levels of organization: Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

Species Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. The smallest level of organization. Organism

Habitat vs. Niche Niche – an organism’s job or way of life. Habitat- the place in which an organism lives out its life. Although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.

Population Group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same area. A population of bullfrogs in a pond Population

Community group of different populations that live in the same area

Ecosystem Community of organisms that live together and interact with the abiotic environment Ecosystem

Biosphere Group of ecosystems with similar climate and dominant communities. The largest level of organization. Tropical rain forest Tropical dry forest Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Desert Temperate grassland Boreal forest (Taiga) Northwestern coniferous forest Temperate forest Mountains and ice caps Tundra Ecosystem

Describe what you would find in each level of organization listed below Biosphere: Ecosystem: Community: Population: Habitat: Niche:

Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis- two species living together 3 Types of symbiosis: 1. Commensalism 2. Parasitism 3. Mutualism Cleaning shrimp

Symbiotic Relationships Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. orchids on a tree Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also called xerophyte, air plant.

Symbiotic Relationships Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. polar bears and cyanobacteria You can see here that this polar bear is no longer white.

Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism- one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) Parasite-Host relationship

Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism- parasite-host Ex. lampreys, leeches, fleas, ticks, tapeworm

Symbiotic Relationships Mutualism- beneficial to both species Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp The Egyptian plover takes insects from the backs of buffaloes, giraffes and rhinos. The plover has also been observed taking leeches from the open mouths of crocodiles! In this association the plover receives a supply of food and the other animal rids itself of unwelcome pests

= 1 species Type of relationship Species harmed Species benefits Species neutral Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism = 1 species

Trial of Life Video

Draw an image of each type of symbiosis

Personal Ad

Identify the relationship Next to the description identify if the relationship is mutualism, parasitism, or commensalism.

Closure: What’s it mean? Autotroph Consumer Producer Heterotroph Carnivore Omnivore Herbivore

Transfer of Energy Organisms are either… 1. Producers  make their own food 2. Consumers  cannot make their own food so they must eat food. How do they trap the sun’s energy? Through what process? What is that process similar to in animal cells?

Consumers can be… Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, Decomposers Energy moves up the food chain through the producer/consumer relationship.

Trophic Levels: feeding levels in an ecosystem Producer: makes their own food using energy from the sun Occurs in a process called photosynthesis Also called autotrophs

Primary consumers  eat the producers. Herbivore – eats only plants Secondary Consumers  eats primary consumers Tertiary Consumer  eats secondary consumers Secondary & Tertiary Consumers may be… Omnivores or Carnivores Scavengers  eat dead organisms. Ex = buzzard, hyenas, & crayfish

What happens when the top organisms dies??

Decomposers Bacteria & fungi that break down the dead plant & animal tissue and return nutrients to the soil.

Make your own food chain! Show what happens when the top consumer dies.

Rule of 10 Algae  Minnow  Bream  Bass  Bacteria 25,000kC 2,500kC 250kC 25kC 2.5kC Rule of 10: Only 10% of energy passes to the next feeding/trophic level. Where does the other 90% go?

Show the rule of 10 on your food chain Show the rule of 10 on your food chain. Start with your producer having 1,000,000 J of Sunlight!

Food Web: Interconnected food chains; more complex

Food chain Food web (just 1 path of energy) (all possible energy paths)

Energy Pyramid: Represents the amount of energy in a food chain

Food Chains, Webs, & Pyramids If not finished in class must be done as homework!

Bell Ringer What is the squirrel considered? What happens if I remove the grasshopper from the food web? How are an ecosystem & a community related? What is the rule of 10?

Bell Ringer What is the relationship between a community & a population? What happens if I remove the grasshopper from the food web? Can matter/energy be created or destroyed? What is the rule of 10? Calculate the energy % lost from the grass -> grasshopper -> wolf.

Trophic Levels Biomass- the amount of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a habitat. As you move up a food chain, both available energy and biomass decrease. Energy is transferred upwards but is diminished with each transfer.

Bell Ringer Turn in your Human Impacts Web Quest State the difference between an ecosystem and a community. Identify the levels of organization from most broad to most specific. What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?

Bell Ringer State the difference between an ecosystem and a community. Identify the levels of organization from most broad to most specific. What is the difference between a habitat and a niche? Draw and label the water cycle.

Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Just like with classification, ecology is hierarchal. Each level builds on itself and they fit together like nesting boxes. Population Organism

Identify main idea, North Carolina Example, and draw a picture Gallery Walk Identify main idea, North Carolina Example, and draw a picture

Feeding Relationships There are 3 main types of feeding relationships 1. Producer - Consumer 2. Predator - Prey 3. Parasite - Host How do they trap the sun’s energy? Through what process? What is that process similar to in animal cells?

Closure: Which is Which? Lion kills a zebra & eats until full. Once lion leaves a vulture comes & eats the remains. Shark swims & pilot fish swims underneath for protection. A leech on your skin. Plover bird cleans alligators teeth. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q67y6-ybktY

Habitat vs. Niche Examples of limiting factors - Amount of water Amount of food Temperature Amount of space Availability of mates Although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.