Neurotransmitters 4 major Categories 1) ACh 2) Amino Acids 3) Biogenic Amines 4) Neuropeptides

1) ACh C.N.S. Somatic N.S. Autonomic N.S. 2) Amino Acids - Parasympathetic - Sympathetic Glutamate (aspartame) 2) Amino Acids GABA (glycine) Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (E) 3) Biogenic Amines Dopamine Seratonin (5-HT) Substance P 4) Neuropeptides Enkephalins and  Endorphins

Central Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic N.S. Somatic N.S.

Divisions of the Brain 1. Cerebrum 2. Diencephalon 3. Midbrain 4. Cerebellum 5. Pons 6. Medulla Oblongata

Central Nervous System: The Brain Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe

Functions of the Cerebrum In General - our conscious mind enables us to: Be aware of ourselves and sensations. Initiate and control voluntary movements. Cerebrum has 5 Lobes Frontal Lobe - memory, behavior, personality, movement. Parietal Lobe - somatic sensory perception. Temporal Lobe - auditory and olfactory perception. Occipital Lobe - visual perception. Insula Lobe - visceral perception.

Cerebral Lobes

Homunculus - Motor and Sensory Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe

Broca’s area Wernike’s area

Hearing words Seeing words Speaking words Thinking

The Limbic System = “emotional brain” e.g., Cingulate gyrus Allows us to shift between thoughts. Interprets pain as unpleasant. e.g., Amygdala Detects menacing glances from others. Emotional recognition of faces.

= 1) Epithalamus, 2) Thalamus and 3) Hypothalamus Diencephalon = 1) Epithalamus, 2) Thalamus and 3) Hypothalamus  1) Epithalamus - Includes the pineal gland (body). Secretes hormone melatonin, under influence of the hypothalamus.

2) Thalamus * Makes up 80% of the diencephalon. * Act as the “gateway” to cerebral cortex.

3) Hypothalamus Main visceral control center of the body Regulates temperature Regulates circadian rhythms Processes olfaction and feeding reflexes

Hypothalamus Functions include the following: 1. Regulation of body temperature 2. Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations Control of behavior 3. Regulation of sleep-wake cycles 4. Control of the autonomic nervous system Control of emotional responses 5. Control of the endocrine system

Midbrain  Cranial Reflexes e.g., visual and auditory reflexes.

The Cerebellum  Folia

Functions of Cerebellum 1) Controls Postural Reflexes: - coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments of muscles in body to maintain equilibrium. 2) Produces Skilled Movements: - implements routines for fine tuned movements. Refines learned skills (e.g. driving, playing an instrument) until the action becomes routine.

The Brain Stem Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata

Pons * Contains the pontine respiratory centers. 

Medulla Oblongata Vital Centers in the MO include:  Vital Centers in the MO include: 1. Cardiac Control Center 2. Vasomotor Center 3. Respiratory Center (Medullary) * Also contains the centers for hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting and coughing

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Peripheral Nervous System Somatic N.S. Autonomic N.S. Skeletal Muscle Parasympathetic Division Sympathetic Division

Somatic Nervous System (SNS) One motor neuron to a single effector tissue: skeletal muscle Central Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Two motor neurons to many effector tissues: cardiac smooth glands

Somatic Nervous System (SNS) One Motor Neuron to Effector Tissue skeletal muscle Effector Tissue is Skeletal Muscle Neurotransmitter is ACh (released from somatic motor neurons) Receptors are Nicotinic (response is always excitatory) Control is Voluntary (except reflexes)

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Two Motor Neurons to Effector Tissue cardiac smooth glands Effector Tissue is Cardiac and Smooth Muscle and Glands Neurotransmitters are ACh and NE (released from autonomic neurons) Parasympathetic: Receptors are Nicotinic and Muscarinic Sympathetic: Receptors are Alpha () and Beta () Control is Involuntary (except biofeedback)