Chapter 15: The West Between the Wars Pgs. 291-309 in Text

Lesson 1: Instability After WWI

Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security Problems from the Treaty of _________________ U.S. did not join _________________________ Why? No European entanglements Without U.S. the L of N was weak When Germany could not pay _______________ France sent troops into the ____________________ (Germany’s main industrial center) in 1923

Inflation in Germany Germany paid for salaries by printing ______________ – led to inflation Ex: In 1914 – 4.2 marks = 1 U.S. Dollar In 1923 – ____________________ marks = 1 U.S. Dollar _______________ Plan – Named after American Banker Reduced ______________________ Granted $_______________ million loan to Germany Led to heavy U.S. investment in Europe

Treaty of Locarno New European Diplomacy Gustav Streseman (German Foreign minister) and Aristide Briand (French Foreign minister) sign Treaty of Locarno in1925 Guarantee Germany’s borders with _____________ and ________________________ ___________________________ Pact ____________ nations pledge to “renounce war as an instrument of national policy”

The Great Depression 2 Factors led to the Great Depression… Series of economic downturns in the economies of individual _______________ in _______________ U.S. ______________________Crash October 1929 U.S. businesses expanded too fast People bought stocks on credit = inflated prices of stocks Banks were not guaranteed = no __________in place yet ______________________ prices fell Europe in depression due to ________________

Response to Depression 1932 – ______________ year of the depression High ________________________ Gov’ts raised _____________ to exclude foreign goods from home markets. (Made things worse) Effects of GD… Increased _______________ influence in economy Masses followed political leaders who offered a way out of the Great Depression in return for ________________________ power

Germany _____________________ Germany ends in 1918 with defeat in WWI Created the _______________ Republic – a democratic gov’t Economic problems led to extreme _______________ problems Unemployment 4.38 million by Dec. 1930 Led to increase of “_________________” parties

France Also financially unstable Jun 1936 ______________________ formed A coalition of ______________ parties Communists ________________________ Radicals Called for French ______________________ Gave workers right to collectively bargain ____________ hour work week in industrial jobs ______________________________________

Great Britain British _______________ Party could not solve economic problems and fell from power ______________________ gov’t takes over Used traditional policies like balanced budget and protective ______________ to help economy Did NOT implement __________________ economics which encouraged ________________ spending (going into debt if necessary)

The United States Hard hit by Great Depression ___________________________ won 1932 Presidential Election Establishes ___________________ ______________ – Works Progress Administration (1935) – workers built bridges, roads, post offices Instituted new legislation that began the U.S. ____________________ system 1935 – _______________________________ Act – old age pensions and unemployment insurance

Arts Political, ______________, and Social Uncertainty Responses to horrors of _________________ “The World does not make sense, so why should art” __________________ – artists obsessed with idea that life has no purpose Dada – Dadaism ___________________ – artistic movement portraying the unconscious to show the greater reality that exists beyond the world of physical appearances.

Science 1927- German physicist Werner Heisenberg’s _________________________ principle Suggested that all ____________________ laws are based on uncertainty Opposed to _____________________ physics which said all phenomena could be completely defined and predicted

Lesson 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

The Rise of Dictators By 1939 France & GB were _________________ Spain, Italy, Soviet Union, and Germany – _____________________________________ ___________________ State – gov’t controls political, social, economic, intellectual & cultural lives of citizens Encourage centralized state power Conquer __________ & ________________ of citizens Single leader Single _______________________ Individual freedoms _____________ important that collective good

Fascism in Italy __________________________ – 1920s, set up fascist movement in Italy Crated League of Combat or Fascio di Combattimento ; “________________________” Fascism glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central gov’t led by a _______________________ Mussolini becomes __________________in 1922 “___________________” = the leader 1926- all other ________________________outlawed OVRA – Italian secret police formed= “The _________ Shirts”

How Fascist State gains/keeps control Media – ________________________ Youth – Fascist __________________ groups Attitudes – nationalistic, __________________, ______________________ citizens Family – traditional roles to ______________ fascist ideals

Lateran Accords February 1929 - recognize sovereign independence of ___________________ in Italy Catholic Church urged Italians to support the Italian ___________________________

Russia becomes USSR _____________ (Lenin’s Bolsheviks) win Russian ______________ War Russia experiences ______________ & industrial collapse at the end of WWI Lenin’s New Economic Policy: ______________ NEP = New Economic Policy (similar to old capitalistic system) Small business/farmers could be _____________ owned Heavy industry, banking, mines controlled by the __________________________ gov’t

The Soviet Union 1922 – Formally created Union of Soviet __________________ Republics – USSR – Soviet Union NEP helped soviet economy Lenin only wanted the NEP to be a temporary change from regular ________________________ economic policies

By 1926 Stalin establishes a ___________________ 1924 – Lenin dies Struggle for power b/w members of the ________________ (soviet policy-making body) Rivalry b/w ______________________ and Joseph Stalin Trotsky – Commissar of _____________ Stalin – Party General ________________________ By 1926 Stalin establishes a ___________________ COMMUNISIM STARTS! Trotsky pushed out of the communist party & flees to ______________________ Trotsky is ___________________ in Mexico in 1940 Stalin???

Stalin ends _________________ Launches first _________ Year Plan in 1928 Purpose: Transform Russia overnight from an agricultural to an ____________________ country Focused on production of __________________ and __________________________ goods Ex.: B/w 1928 & 1937 steel production increased from 4 million to 18 million tons per year

Costs of Stalin’s Programs - Social & political costs of 5 year plans were extreme # of workers ____________________________ Investment in housing went ___________________ = miserable living conditions for workers With rapid industrialization came rapid collectivization of __________________________ which eliminated ______________________ farms Those who opposed Stalin’s plans were sent to forced labor camps (_______________) in Siberia or _________________ During the Great Purge __________ million were sent to labor camps

Eastern Europe _________________________ governments formed in Eastern Europe at this time as well Little tradition of political democracy in the area led to defeat of _____________________ systems.

Spain Political ____________________ fails as well General _______________________ revolted against the democratic government in 1936 Led the __________________ party against the republican party Foreign intervention in Spanish Civil War ___________ & Germany supported Franco’s forces Franco captures Madrid in 1939 and establishes a _________________ dictatorship that lasted until his death in _________________

Lesson 3: Hitler & Nazi Germany

Adolf Hitler… 1889 born in __________________; moved to Germany @ ____________ Poor behavior & Failure in school – left at age ___ Developed ideology of nationalism & _______________________________ Wanted to be an ____________ & traveled to Vienna to attend art school was _________________________ by art academy Served four years in _______ on the western front

Nazism 1919 – joined the German ______________ Party 1921 – took over party, re-named it National ___________________ German Workers’ Party NSDAP = ______________ for short In two years Hitler’s party had… 55,000 members 15,000 joined the party _________________ AKA – SS, storm troops, or __________________________ 1923 - started an armed uprising against the gov’t in Munich; known as the __________________ Putsch Quickly put down Hitler arrested & sentenced to prison for 8 months Wrote Mein Kampf,“___________________________”

Mein Kampf Links German nationalism, strong anti-Semitism, & ________________________ together through Social __________________________ Emphasized right of “superior” nations to Lebensraum “________________” through expansion Right of “superior” individuals gain ______________ over the masses Develop an _______________ racial state that would dominate Europe & possibly the world

Rise of Nazism Hitler realized in __________ he would have to take over gov’t by attaining _____________ not through ____________________ Goal: overthrow the Weimar Republic 1929 – released from prison & expanded the Nazi party to over ____________ people in three years Largest party in _____________ (parliament) due to… _________________ problems Unemployment promised a new Germany Appealed to _____________________& militarism

Nazis Take Control 1930 – German President Paul _______________ Reichstag had very little power Hitler had backing of the powerful, rich, & _______ Landowners, factory owners, officers, & bureaucrats 1933 – Hindenburg allowed Hitler to become _____________ & allowed him to create a new gov’t 3-23-1933: ___________ Act Passed by Reichstag… Gave gov’t _________ years to ignore _________________ Hitler no longer needed President or Parliament He became a dictator appointed by the ________________

The Nazi State, 1933 - 1939 All ____________________ under his control Purged civil service of _______________ elements & Jews - all ________________ abolished, except Nazi Set up prisons called “___________________” for all who opposed him & the Nazi Party 1934 – Hindenburg died; office of ______________ Abolished Hitler became sole ruler of Germany Known as __________________________ “Leader”

How was Hitler able to establish a Totalitarian State? Mass ____________________________ Evoke Enthusiasm & Excitement _________________: make people instrument of policies Youth programs Party Meetings Nuremberg Party ______________ held every September Ended __________________ & put people to work Use ___________________ to maintain control

The State & Terror Schutzstaffeln – The SS – “Guard Squadrons” Led by ______________________________ Hitler’s __________________________ Controlled secret police forces & regular police Were the _____________________ squads Ran concentration camps & ________________ camps Based upon 2 principles: terror & ____________ Instruments of representation & _________________ Goal: further the “Aryan Master Race”

Nuremberg Laws… Anyone with even one Jewish ________________ was defined as a Jew All Jews were stripped of their German ________________ and ____________________ No ______________ b/t Jews & German citizens All Jews required to wear the yellow Star of David & carry an ___________________________

Kristallnacht Night of _______________ Glass – Nov. 9, 1938 __________________ & Jewish businesses burned &/or destroyed 30,000 Jewish males arrested & sent to ___________ New laws for Jews… Barred from all ___________________ buildings Schools, hospitals, etc. Prohibited from owning, managing, or working in a _________________________ Encouraged to ________________ (leave) Germany