CHAPTER 8 Section 1 Terms, People, and Places William (of Normandy) theConqueror Common Law King John Magna Carta Due Process of Law Habeas Corpus Parliament Louis IX Domain Hundred Years War Joan of Arc

William (of Normandy) the Conqueror – He becomes King of England after winning the battle of Hastings. Created the Domesday Book (Census) to establish and enforce taxes. He was a tough and ruthless descendant of the Vikings. Common Law – A legal system based on customs and court rulings. King John – Fought war with France’s King Philip II and his High Taxes resulted in signing the Magna Carta.

Magna Carta – The great charter that limited King John’s power placed the King under the rule of law it limited the increase taxes, and protected the citizens from unlawful jail sentences. Due Process of Law – Requirement that governments act fairly according to a set of rules. Habeas Corpus – The idea that no person can be held in prison without being charged with a specific crime. Parliament – The governing body in England (legislature). The Magna Carta help limit the King’s power.

Louis IX – Led France in 2 Crusades and is named a saint. Domain – Territory under one ruler. Hundred Years War – English claims to French lands. As a result French Kings expanded power. Joan of Arc – Rallied French Troops was made a saint after she was tried as a heretic and burned at the stake.

CHAPTER 8 Section 2 Terms, People, and Places Holy Roman Empire Henry IV Pope Gregory VII Lay Investiture Frederick Barbarossa Pope Innocent III Confront Concordat of Worms

Holy Roman Empire – West-Central European Empire Henry IV – Excommunicated by Pope Gregory for arguing Lay Investiture Pope Gregory VII – During Henry IV rule as Holy Roman Emperor, the conflict between Monarchs and the Church erupted. Lay Investiture – Appointment of Bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy.

Frederick Barbarossa – His son married an heiress of Sicily for his goal to add Italy to his rule. His attempts result in him losing unity within his own territory. Pope Innocent III – In 1198 the powerful pope claimed (Papal) supremacy over all other rulers. Confront – To come face to face with. Concordat of Worms – Gave the church the sole power to elect and invest Bishops with spiritual authority.

CHAPTER 8 Section 3 Terms, People, and Places Crusades Holy Land Pope Urban II Reconquista Ferdinand and Isabella Inquisition Diverse Saladin

Crusades – A series of religiously inspire wars that lasted for approximately 200 years. In the end Muslims gained control of the Holy Land (1096- 1291). Following the crusades trade and exploration increased within Western Europe. Holy Land – Jerusalem and its surrounding area in Palestine where Jesus lived and preached. Pope Urban II – Called for a crusade to free the Holy Land.

Reconquista – Campaign to drive Muslims from Spain and reclaim lands for Christians. During this time Spain was not considered a strong nation state. Ferdinand and Isabella – made a final push against the Muslim stronghold of Granada. In 1492, Granada fell. The Reconquista was complete. Inquisition – Church court set up to try people accused of Heresy. Diverse – Varied; different Saladin – Muslim Leader who is remembered for his compassion to Christians and Jewish religious followers.

CHAPTER 8 Section 4 Terms, People, and Places Scholasticism Thomas Aquinas Vernacular Dante Alighieri Geoffrey Chaucer Gothic Style Flying Buttresses Illumination Initiate Cruciform Naïve Medieval Universities

Scholasticism – School of thought using logic and reason to support Christian beliefs. Thomas Aquinas – In a monumental work, Summa Theologica, he concluded that faith and reason exist in harmony. Vernacular – Everyday language Dante Alighieri – Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy in the early 1300’s.

Geoffrey Chaucer – An English writer, who wrote the Canterbury Tales, a story about a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket’s tomb. Gothic Style – Architectural style featuring ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, pointed arches, stained glass windows. Flying Buttresses – Stone supports on the outside of building. Illumination – A method of illustrating books using detailed design and vivid colors.

Initiate – To start: to introduce. Cruciform – The structure and the floor plan of most medieval cathedrals. Naïve – The section of the church where the congregation, or people, sit Medieval Universities – They are best explained by having strict schedules.

CHAPTER 8 Section 5 Terms, People, and Places Black Death Epidemic Inflation Schism Longbow Authorize

Black Death – The plague’s other name Black Death – The plague’s other name. It spread through Europe on fleas and rats. The plague took approximately 25 million Europeans lives. People turned to magic and witchcraft for cures. The economic result was an increase in labor costs with fewer people left to work. Epidemic – Outbreak of rapidly spreading disease

Inflation – A rise in prices linked to a rise in the money supply. Schism – Permanent division in the church when the Papal court was moved to France. Longbow – Improved medieval archery weapon. Authorize – To have permission.

William of Normandy Actions Effects Fought Harold to control England in the battle of Hastings Created Domesday Book Allows for English and French cultures to mix Thorough system for collecting taxes

Henry II Actions Effects Accepted local customs as law – Common Law Used traveling justices to help cases Argued over whether he could try clergy in his courts People use his court instead of church or nobility Allowed for juries of common people to help determine cases Archbishop Thomas Becket argued and was murdered by Henry’s knights

King John Actions Effects Fought war with France’s King Philip II Disagreed with Pope Innocent III about archbishop choice Placed high taxes on his people Lost land in France England placed under interdict had to pay a fee to Rome to undo Forced to sign the Magna Carta Citizens have rights King must obey laws Parliament / Legislature

Pope innocent iii Claimed papal supremacy over all leaders Placed England under interdict when King John tried to appoint new archbishop at Canterbury Placed France under interdict when Philip II tried to annul his marriage

Philip ii (Augustus) Actions Effects Appointed middle- class men to work for him = loyalty Granted many charters Established national taxes Won foreign controlled lands Became the most powerful ruler in Europe after beating King John to gain control of French Lands

Louis ix Actions Effects Deeply religious man Led France in 2 Crusades Persecuted heretics and Jews Church declared him a Saint

Philip iv Actions Effects Tried to tax the clergy Papal court moved to France Formed the Estates General with reps. From 3 classes Created tensions with Pope Boniface VIII Rome elected its own Pope creating tensions in the Church Established loyalty from people but never gained much strength

Otto I Actions Effects Worked closely with the church helping to keep down rebels Crowned “emperor” of the HRE consisting of Germany and Italy

Henry IV Actions Effects Disagreed with Pope Gregory VIIIs ban of lay investiture feeling it was his right since he granted them fiefs Asked forgiveness to keep throne Continued to struggle for power over the church Excommunicated by Pope Gregory Was embarrassed se he forced Pope into exile Both sides agree to the Concordat of Worms (church elect bishops and kings grant fiefs)

Frederick Barbarossa Actions Effects Arranged marriage of his son to heiress of Sicily His son, Frederick II, fought over Italy for several years Guaranteed HRE would be involved in Italian dealings Left German states divided with power – it will not become a nation state until much later than other European countries