High Middle Ages 998-1250

High Middle Ages: Definitions New royal dynasty called Capetians in France System of primogeniture= system where eldest son inherited everything (instead of dividing land / property / wealth) Peace of God= a set of decrees issued in 989 CE that prohibited stealing church property, assaulting clerics, peasants and women with the threat of excommunication from Church Truce of God= set in 1027 CE truce encouraged idea that the only combat pleasing to God was in the defense of Christendom (idea of the righteousness of holy war) 1095 CE Pope Urban II referred to Truce of God when calling knights to the first Crusade in support of Christians

Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church Monarchs begin to centralize power. Developed tax systems Built standing armies. Monarchs Trade increases

CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER KING LOYALTY AND SERVICE LAND POWERFUL NOBLES LAND AND PROTECTION LOYALTY AND MILITARY SERVICE LESSER NOBLES (KNIGHTS) LABOR PROTECTION SERFS AND FREEMEN 6 6

Conquest of England William the Conquer – From France Was promised the throne by King Edward the Confessor of England. William raised an army and won the backing of the pope. At the Battle of Hastings, William and his Norman knights triumphed over Harold. Became king of England on Christmas Day 1066.

English Government King Henry II The decisions of the royal courts became the foundation of English common law, a legal system based on custom and court rulings.

The Crusades Pope Urban II The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help him fight the Muslim Turks

Reasons for the Crusades The Pope hoped to unite the divided Christian faith under the banner of the Latin Church Italian city-states, with their large navies, hoped for commercial gains and were therefore keen supporters of the Crusades

The Crusaders The variety of motivations resulted in a varied assembly Men tired of hopeless poverty Adventurers seeking action Merchants looking for new markets Lords who wanted riches and glory Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of Christ

The First Crusade The First Crusaders met a divided Muslim force By, 1099, they reached Jerusalem and took the city 12,000 of the original 30,000 Crusaders were left Siege of Antioch

The First Crusade Results Blood reportedly ran knee-deep 70,000 Muslims were slaughtered Jews were herded into a synagogue and burned alive Kingdom of Jerusalem established

The Crusades Continued The Crusades continued, off and on, for over 200 years. Muslims recapture Jerusalem which leads to the 3rd Crusade Saladin did reopen the holy city to Christian pilgrims after signing a treaty with Richard

Impact of the Crusades The Crusades breed religious hatred. Constantinople was conquered and looted in the Fourth Crusade by Western Crusaders Military failure but many positive effects spreading of culture Increased trade Diffusion of knowledge

1099-1453…or 1492 depending on who you ask Late Middle Ages 1099-1453…or 1492 depending on who you ask

Medieval England

King John Lost a war with Philip II and had to give up lands in France. John rejected the pope’s nominee for archbishop of Canterbury, the pope excommunicated him.

The Magna Carta John upset the nobles taxes. 1215, a group of barons forced John to sign the Magna Carta, or great charter.

Magna Carta 1. Nobles had certain rights - will be extended to all English citizens. 2.The monarch must obey the law. 3. habeas corpus - the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime.

The Development of Parliament English rulers often called on the Great Council for advice. -Evolved into Parliament House of Lords – Lords and Clergy House of Commons - knights and middle class citizens Parliament gained the right to approve any new taxes.

Medieval France

Philip Augustus Philip gained control of English-ruled lands in Normandy and Anjou. – From King John

Forming the Estates General This body had representatives from all three estates, or classes of French society: clergy, nobles, and townspeople. never controlled the money of France (Parliament)

Medieval Germany

Holy Roman Empire Conflicts had arisen between secular rulers and Church officials.

Concordat of Worms This treaty declared that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority. The emperor, however, still invested them with fiefs (land).

Medieval Literature Spain - Poem of the Cid - a Christian lord who fought both with and against Muslim forces. Divine Comedy - Dante Alighieri – an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory, where souls await forgiveness. Canterbury Tales, the English writer Geoffrey Chaucer describes a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket’s tomb.

Art and Architecture Gothic style - European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, thin walls, and high roofs Stain glass windows - pictures depicting the life of Jesus. helped educate the people who were unable to read.

The Mongols! Invaded from 1237-1241 At the time it was seen as the end of the world Conquered Russia and Eastern Europe Demanded tribute and dealt harshly with those that didn’t pay

Catastrophic 14th Century

Black Death 1 in 3 people died Hit western Europe through Italy then spread to Spain and France.

The Bubonic Plague Called “black death” because of striking symptom of the disease, in which sufferers' skin would blacken due to hemorrhages under the skin Spread by fleas and rats painful lymph node swellings called buboes buboes in the groin and armpits, which ooze pus and blood. damage to the skin and underlying tissue until they were covered in dark blotches Most victims died within four to seven days after infection EFFECTS Caused massive depopulation and change in social structure Weakened influence of Church Originated in Asia but was blamed on Jews and lepers

Where did the Black Death come from?

Impact of the Plague

Rise of the Middle Class The black plague brought about a new middle class made of merchants To help regulate the craftsmen guilds were developed Guilds: 1. Set standard of quality 2. Control wages and prices 3. Train apprentices

The Church Splits Schism in the Church. 3 Popes all claimed power at once causing great division in Europe 1417 - removed authority from all popes and elected Pope Martin V – to the papacy to Rome.

Hundred Years’ War 1337 and 1453 English rulers wanted to hold on to French lands French kings wanted to extend their own power. The Hundred Years War helped France become the first nation in the world France recognized that being French culturally was more important than the fealty of their lord

Joan of Arc 1429 - France 17-year-old peasant woman appeared at the court of Charles VII, She told him that God had sent her to save France. Charles authorized her to lead an army against the English. She was taken captive by allies of the English Went on trial for witchcraft She was convicted and burned at the stake. Later declared a saint.

The Reconquista of Spain Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th Century and ruled all but small Christian states such as Catalonia In the 1060s Christians began attacking outward from these toeholds

The Reconquista of Spain By 1150 Christians had recaptured Lisbon and controlled over half the peninsula In 1492, Christian forces conquered Granada and the Reconquista was complete