# 2 -AIM: How can the US wage war on opposite end of the world? 25.2 1941 - 1945

FDR & Churchill Dec. 22, 1941- White House Conference Create Plan of Attack Defeat Germany first – Why? Unconditional surrender – Why? WWII EUROPE GEORGE MARSHALL- U.S ARMY CHIEF OF STAFF DWIGHT EISENHOWER- EUROPEAN ALLIED LEADER OBJ 1. DEFEAT HITLER FIRST 2. UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER (?) -‘POLAR ROUTE’- OVER ICELAND MURMANSK ( RUSSIAN PORT) I. RUSSIA JUNE 1941- HITLER ( 3 MILLION TROOPS ) INTO RUSSIA - SCORCHED EARTH POLICY- - SPRING 1942 MOSCOW, LENINGRAD - MOVED SOUTH TOWARDS STALINGRAD ( CAUCASUS MTS. ) ___)OIL CONTROLLED STALINGRAD - RUSSIAN COUNTER OFFENSIVE(STALINGRAD) - RUSSIAN WINTER (- 40) DEGREES - 500,000 ( 400,000 DIED ) 1 1/2 MILLION RUSSIANS - FEB 1943 RUSSIANS BEGIN TO PUSH BACK II NORTH AFRICA- NOV. 8, 1942- MAY 12,1943 - CASABLANCA, ALGIERS,- EL ALAMEIN - ERWIN ROMMEL- AFRIKA CORPS(DESERT FOX) - EISENHOWER - OPERATION TORCH. III ITALY SEPT 1943- MARCH 1945 - SALERNO - ANZIO - MUSSOLINI ARRESTED- ITALY READY TO SURRENDER ( GERMANS INVADE ) (MUSSOLINI ESCAPES)-RECAPTURED APRIL, 1945 SHOT & HUNG - SOVIETS PUSHING WEST INTO POLAND HEADING TOWARDS GERMANY - ALLIES BOMBING GERMANY NIGHT ___JAND DAY

Battle of el Alamein: British victory "Before Alamein we never had a victory, after Alamein we never had a defeat.“ – Winston Churchill

Battle of el Alamain British forces defeated the German-Italian army. Erwin Rommel (German “Desert Fox”– on sick leave, Rommel’s forces were defeated and he escaped to Tunisia.

Operation Torch Nov. 1942 – May 1943 General Eisenhower- commands US forces in Europe. Erwin Rommel aka. Desert Fox: Afrika Korps Battle of Kasserine Pass- The Americans are defeated. Untested US soldiers versus battle-hardened Afrika Korps http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/launch_ani_campaign_maps.shtml

Gen Patton 3rd Army Patton takes command in North Africa Leads Operation Torch in French North Africa against Rommel

German Invasion of Russia Operation Barbarossa Disaster for both sides Highest casualties for Soviets and Axis 5,000,000 Soviets POWs – most never returned alive-deliberately starved 3.1 million prisoners German troops were indoctrinated with anti-Bolshevik, anti-Semitic ideology. Troops were order to target Jews & the Mongol hordes

Stalingrad (Winter 1942-1943) Hitler needs fuel. Abandons push for Moscow. Plan: Seize Caucasus oil fields and destroy Stalingrad

Stalingrad (Winter 1942-1943) Germans fail in bitter winter campaign. Russians encircle Germans. Hitler forbids retreat Russians enlist the scorched earth policy This policy was used by Stalin to prevent Hitler from gaining Russian lands. 230,000 Germans die 1,100,000 Soviets die Turning point Soviets push west. Over 90,000 German P.O.W.s

El Alamain and Stalingrad These battles were watershed moments for the Axis powers. By May, 1943 – the Mediterranean was secured by the Allies A huge defeat in Africa and then a disaster in Stalingrad for the Germans. It was a watershed moment in the war.

Casablanca Conference (1943) January- FDR and Churchill meet Churchill wants to attack the “Soft Underbelly” of Europe- Italy. Stalin wanted the British and Americans to open up a Second Front in France. Americans agree with Churchill The invasion of France is postponed. Allies not ready for cross channel invasion

Italian Campaign Start is successful with Sicily. King Emmanel II strips Mussolini of power and he is arrested. Italians begin to celebrate the end of the war. Hitler responds by seizing control of Italy, reinstall Mussolini.

Battle of Anzio “Bloody Anzio” – 4 month battle. Allies assisted by Italian partisans. cutting phone lines, derailing trains, dynamiting bridges and roads. April 28, 1945 – Mussolini captured by Italians, disguised as a German soldier. shot and his body hanged in a Milan square.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Fr3RZSstB4&feature=related

Tehran Conference ( Dec. 1943) First meeting of the “Big Three.” Britain and U.S. promised a Second Front in France take pressure off the Soviets. Operation Overlord would begin spring of 1944.

D-Day Operation Overlord – June 1944 Eisenhower directs Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day June 6, 1944 600,000 Americans, Brits, Canadians, and others would come ashore.

D-Day- The Plan of Attack Deception Convince Germans invasion will be Dover to Calais Set up phantom army Put Patton in charge Send fake radio messages to fool Germans

D-Day- The Plan of Attack 2. 101st Airborne Troops Dropped inland the night before the assault to prevent Germans reinforcing the beaches Capture strategic positions in Normandy.

D-Day- The Plan of Attack 3. Amphibious assault on Normandy coast.

General Dwight D. Eisenhower "You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers-in-arms on other Fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world."