Why did 9/11 happen?

The Middle East and Central Asia

Remember that in 1979, the Soviet Union invaded the nation of Afghanistan.

Over 30 languages are spoken in Afghanistan. Ethnic Groups Map Pashtun: largest ethnic group, mostly farmers and Sunni Muslims Tajik: live mostly in the northeast, second largest ethnic group, mostly Sunni Muslims Hazara: live in the Hindu Kush mountains, primarily Shiite Muslims Uzbek: live mostly along the northern border, mostly Sunni Muslims Aimaqs: a farming and herding tribe in the west, mostly Sunni Muslims Turkmen and Kirghiz: nomadic herders and craftsmen, mostly Sunni Muslims Baluch: nomadic tribe living in the southern deserts, Sunni Muslims Over 30 languages are spoken in Afghanistan.

Remember that in 1979, the Soviet Union invaded the nation of Afghanistan.

To understand today’s troubles we have to go back – way back To understand today’s troubles we have to go back – way back. There have been 4 attempts to invade Afghanistan and control its people. 1). Alexander the Great 320 B.C.E. 2). Genghis Khan 1200 C.E. 3). The British Empire (3 times)! 4). The Soviet Union 5). The United States 12 12

What do all of the invaders of Afghanistan have in common? They were all the biggest army in the world at the time of their involvement in Afghanistan. They relied on huge shows of military force using advanced military technology and brute force. They underestimated the power of the tribal groups of this region. Each new invader brought new religious beliefs. THEY ALL LOST? 13

The Soviets in Afghanistan 1979 - 1989

Ronald Reagan wanted to take action to make things very difficult for the Soviets to succeed.

Through the CIA, the U.S. provided billions of dollars of weapons and military training to a group known as the Mujahedeen, Afghanis fighting against the Soviets.

The Problem

The Solution

Some Muslims throughout the world were concerned about the impact the Soviet invasion would have on Afghanistan's Islamic population. They went to join the fight against the Soviets.

Mujahadeen“The Freedom Fighters” - Using guerilla tactics and armed by the United States, the Mujahedeen fighters took a heavy toll on Soviet aircraft and tanks. 20 20

The money and training Afghan rebels received from the U. S The money and training Afghan rebels received from the U.S., Great Britain and Saudi Arabia made a difference. 21

One such Muslim left his wealthy life in Saudi Arabia, joined the Mujahedeen and received weapons from the U.S. His name? Osama Bin Laden

The Soviets Leave Afghanistan 1989

The Law of Unintended Consequences: Afghanistan after the War

The Middle East and Central Asia

After the final Soviet troops left in 1989, the battle for who would run Afghanistan began. 26

Rise of the Taliban 27

Rise of the Taliban After the withdrawal of the Soviet army in 1989 Afghanistan descends into Civil War. This war lasts for seven years. In September of 1996 the Taliban finally became the official government of Afghanistan. and established strict Sharia Law based on a medieval interpretation of the Koran. 28

The Taliban’s Islam Women covered in full covering known as a burka. No education for girls. Global Jihad or holy war. Focus on destruction of all things modern and American, or even other Muslim countries that communicate with America and countries like us. The desire to return to the “golden era” of Islam (the 1400’s) 29

The Taliban’s Islam The Taliban enjoyed great support of the population of Afghanistan following decades of endless fighting.” Theft was punished by the amputation of a hand, rape and murder by public execution. Married adulterers were stoned to death. In Kabul, punishments were carried out in front of crowds in the city's former soccer stadium. 30

The Rise of Al Qaeda 31 31

Following the Afghan victory in 1988, bin Laden relocated to Sudan where he began to build up a network of radical Muslims dedicated to protecting Islam and fellow Muslims around the world.

Some time in 1988 or 1989, bin Laden organized the group known as Al-Qaeda in Sudan. His goal was to spread his radical view of Islam.

What is al-Qaeda? Al Qaeda is a stateless (meaning without a country) terrorist organization. It is led and financed by Osama bin Laden, a radical Muslim.

The Persian Gulf War: 1990-1991

Remember also, that in the same year the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, 1979, the Shah of Iran was overthrown and replaced by the Ayatollah Khomeini, a radical Shiite Muslim who set up an Islamic government in Iran.

This revolution had a huge impact throughout the Middle East, especially in Iraq.

Also, Saddam Hussein became leader of that party, and of Iraq in early 1979. Hussein, while a dictator, ran his government free from the control of Islam, however…

While 60% of Iraq’s population was Shiite, the Iraqi government were dominated by Sunnis.

When Khomeini established an Islamic state in Iran, one dominated by Shiites, Hussein worried about a similar possible revolution in Iraq. In part to prevent such a thing from happening, Iraq invaded Iran in September 1980.

The 8 year war was brutal for both sides and resulted in little land lost or gained. What it did result in was massive debt for Iraq.

Iraq owed over $14 Billion to the small, oil rich country of Kuwait.

In hopes of not having to pay this debt, amongst other things, Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990.

Saddam Hussein believed that the rest of the world would not interfere Saddam Hussein believed that the rest of the world would not interfere. However, the invasion of Kuwait was very disturbing to the U.S. Why?

The U.S. economy depended upon oil imported from Saudi Arabia. Iraq owed the Saudis $26 Billion from their war with Iran.

President George H.W. Bush was very concerned that Iraq would also invade Saudi Arabia. To prevent that from happening, he asked the Saudi government for permission to station U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia.

Osama bin Laden left Sudan for Saudi Arabia where he proposed using the army he had been building to defend Saudi Arabia instead of allowing the United States into the country. Why?

Bin Laden believed that U. S Bin Laden believed that U.S. presence and influence in Saudi Arabia would defile / dirty the most sacred country in Islam.

The Saudi government accepted U. S. help The Saudi government accepted U.S. help. President Bush launched Operation Desert Shield on August 7, 1990.

Bin Laden’s criticism of this decision caused the Saudi’s to kick him out of the country. He returned to Sudan.

President Bush put together a coalition of 50 countries that contributed to the defense of Saudi Arabia, while plans were crafted to push Iraq out of Kuwait.

Operation Desert Storm was launched February 24, 1991 Operation Desert Storm was launched February 24, 1991. Kuwait was freed from Iraqi control by the 28th.

Pres. Bush refused to invade deep into Iraq or attempt to remove Saddam Hussein from power.

In Bin Laden’s mind, the damage had been done In Bin Laden’s mind, the damage had been done. The sacred sites of Islam in Saudi Arabia had been defiled by western, American presence. He believed the U.S. had to be punished.

In 1993 Al-Qaeda attempted its first attack against the United States, targeting the World Trade Center in New York.

Al-Qaeda member Ramzi Yousef exploded a 1,500 lb Al-Qaeda member Ramzi Yousef exploded a 1,500 lb. truck bomb in the parking garage of the north tower.

His plan was to blow out the supports in the north tower, knocking it into the south tower, destroying both buildings.

His plan didn’t work, but he did kill 6 and injured 1,042 more.

Three years later in 1996, a group known as the Taliban took control of the country of Afghanistan, establishing a radical Islamic state.

Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda relocated to Afghanistan Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda relocated to Afghanistan. From there he issued a decree that “it is the individual duty for every Muslim who can do it” to kill Americans.

To that end, Al-Qaeda agents bombed the U. S To that end, Al-Qaeda agents bombed the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in August 1998.

212 people, including 18 Americans were killed 212 people, including 18 Americans were killed. An additional 4,000 were injured.

In October 2000 Al-Qaeda agents attacked a U. S In October 2000 Al-Qaeda agents attacked a U.S. navy ship stopped in the country of Yemen.

The attack on the U.S.S. Cole killed 17 American sailors.

While all of this was going on, Al-Qaeda leader Khalid Sheikh Mohammad and others were planning an even bigger attack on the U.S. itself.