Plants Chapters 14

THREE Types of Plants 1. Seeded, Vascular (Tissued) Plants Most plants Angiosperms (flowering plants/trees) Monocots and dicots Gymnosperms (non-flowering plants) conifers 2. Seedless, Vascular Plants Ferns 3. Seedless, Non-Vascular Plants Mosses Lichens, algae, fungi are NOT plants

Flowers and Seeds How Reproduction in Plants Occurs

Photoperiodism Short-day plants bloom when the daytime is shorter than nighttime Long-day plants flower only when the days are long Ex. Irises will bloom only when they can get more than 12 hours of daylight Neutral-day plants are not affected by hours of daylight

Flowering Plants Plants flower to produce seeds Seeds may be matured in fruits first Flowers and fruits are the result of good growth Flowering plants/trees are called angiosperms Annual plants flower (produce seeds) once and then die Perennial plants flower (produce seeds) each year

Parts of a Flower Flowers consist of petals and sepals which aid in protection and attracting pollinators The stamen is the male reproductive part (anther and filament) which produces the pollen The pistil is the female reproductive part (stigma, style, and ovary) which will produce mature seeds when fertilized with the pollen Pollen has the male sex cell Ovules have the female sex cell

Flower Diagram

Pollination The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma Insects, hummingbirds, bees, rain, and wind all aid in pollination by disturbing and carrying it somewhere else Pollen sinks down the stigma and hits the ovary Fertilization of the small ovules occurs, and they grow/become true seeds Seeds must then be shaken free and planted to form new plants

Seed Dispersal Methods Wind Rain, Water Animals walking/ excreting People walking, using equipment

Germination Germination occurs when a seed is planted in good conditions, and begins to sprout. To start growing, planted seeds need: Moisture Warmth Safety Later on they will need: Light Nutrients from Dirt

Seed Parts Seeds have three parts: The tiny, embryonic plant The cotyledon, the stored food for the embryo The seed coat which protects it Monocots have one stored packet (leaves with parallel veins; flowers with petals in multiples of 3) Dicots have two (leaves with branching veins; flowers with petals in multiples of 4/5)

Gymnosperms Some plants called gymnosperms produce seeds in other ways (not flowers) Their seeds are not covered (i.e. in a fruit or flower) but are exposed Conifers are evergreen plants which produce cones instead of flowers Not all gymnosperms are evergreens, but many are

More About Plant Reproduction

Alternation of Generations Alternation of Generations: a form of reproduction that all plants exhibit One complete reproductive cycle has two parts: a sexual component (with eggs and sperm) and an asexual component (with spores)

Alternation of Generations

Seedless Non-Vascular Plants Non-vascular plants cannot produce seeds or grow very tall without xylem/phloem fibers: i.e. mosses

Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns and horsetails reproduce mainly by spores, not seeds They have vascular tissues and can grow to large sizes

Asexual Reproduction There are a few methods of asexual reproduction in plants, which mostly must be done by humans under careful cultivation Runners/stolons and small plantlets Spider plants Strawberry plants Grafting: Root sprouts, leaf cuttings, stem cuttings, buds Potato buds Rose stem/root clippings Tulip bulb buds