Overview of FP3-GLDC Jules Bayala PF3 lead, CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals (GLDC)

Outline Rationale FP3 objectives Right Mix Impact pathways and ToC CoAs & research questions Summary

Rationale SFS provide the majority of grains (66% sorghum, 74% millet), milk (75%) and meat (60%) in the tropics as well as 15% of N inputs for crop production via legume N-fixation and manure amendments Employ millions of people on farms, in formal and informal markets, in processing, etc. C-L-T-L are complementary components providing staple food (balanced diets), marketable commodities, income, feed, N, manure, fuelwood and workpower Despite synergies of C-L-T-L, overexploitation of NR has led to land degradation, loss biodiversity and decrease in production New insect, pests, diseases and weeds associated with a greater dependency on PPPs and their inappropriate use Therefore, SFS need to be intensified to feed increasing populations while stopping degradation and restoring NRs

Objectives of FP3 Main objective Specific objectives The goal of this flagship is to capacitate stakeholders such that they can improve the productivity, profitability and sustainability of SFS using on- farm and in-HH innovations to ensure HH nutritional security and enhanced income generation through integrated crop, tree and livestock production systems. To co-design, test and scale improved crop-tree- livestock management options and their interactions to optimize productivity and enhance resource use- efficiency; To increase the productivity and agro-biodiversity in farming systems and strengthen HH livelihoods through improved nutrition and dietary diversity; To increase the climate resilience of farming systems through integrated SCWN management approaches; To manage and conserve the NR base and close nutrient cycles to avoid soil fertility losses; and To use (with FP1 and FP2) Innovation Platform (IP) approaches to identify opportunities for value chain enhancement.

R3 mix-4Commodity outputs-@Place Higher resource use efficiency, productivity and sustainability LEK and livelihood context (FP1-2) Locally adapted & preferred varieties Desired diversification Context-specific portfolio of options: techn., inst./policy & market Last advances in genetic (FP4-5) Stress (water, nutrient, insect, etc.) tolerant varieties Good root traits for nutrient recycling Traits for stress tolerance & root for nutrient cycling (FP5) Field/Farm/Household Better understanding of processes to identify best management options and design best integrated production systems Developing methods, models & tools Strong PMEL & capacitated stakeholders Ecological effectiveness Socially acceptable Cross cutting research priorities Climate change Gender and youth Capacity development BigData and gender responsive ICT Scaling up Landscape/community: WLE, FTA, CCAFS, PIM Scaling out Engaging partners in RinD including PCs: NARES, Extension services, NGOs (GAIN, AGRA, CRS, CARE, etc.) Linking with nat./reg. programs & inter. commitments (SDGs, ZNLD, 4 per mille, Bonn challenge, etc.) Improved livelihoods and ecosystems Functional value chains (FP2): reduced poverty Improved food and nutrition security: balanced diet improved NR and ES Library of validated options and lessons learnt Policy decision making Priority setting (FP1) Work on varieties (FP4-5)

Impact pathway and ToC Integrating existing solutions against novel biophysical and social challenges Capitalizing on existing knowledge on IPM and system management practices Strives toward closing yield gaps and diversifying crop productions for balanced diets and income generation Development of low-cost mechanization options suitable for increased labour use efficiency, thus making the systems attractive for jobs creation By leveraging the dual purpose of GLDC as food and feed, livestock-GLDC integration will be explicitly addressed

CoA1: Cropping systems management Farm management Sources of starch, protein, micronutrients and vitamins Income Optimized farm level productivity & resilience Integrated crop-livestock-trees Performance through field measurement, participatory monitoring & remote sensing Climate risk management Enhanced soil quality (more soil C) and reduced GHGs Reduced N cost through N inputs from legumes Enhanced resource use (labour, water, nutrients, etc.) efficiency Optimal crop-crop varieties mixes and better management options Gender and age-sensitive low-cost farm-mechanization options

Questions to be addressed (a) How do agroecology, enabling conditions, market opportunities and farming systems determine options for natural resource management that will result in more resilient, profitable and nutritiously secure livelihoods? (b) What patterns of land use optimize productivity while conserving natural resources? (c) Which low-cost farm-mechanization options improve productivity, labour use efficiency and reduce drudgery, particularly for women and youth? (d) What modalities can be used to promote adoption of research outputs, including the role of the private sector, rural entrepreneurs, farmers’ organizations and policymakers, and how can this be scaled out?

CoA2: Innovations for managing abiotic and biotic stresses Field management More climate-resilient productive farming systems designed FP4-5 & Genebank Understanding the interactions between SCWN through testing & modelling Gender and age-sensitive IPM for healthy crops Crops & varieties/cultivars selection Climate (temp, flood, drought) risks management Context-specific SCWN management options/practices Reduced GHGs Reduced pollution

Questions to be addressed SCWN management IPM (a) How can SCWN modelling, coupled with geo- informatics and appropriate ICT applications help identify entry points and address site specific issues at the HH level for improved decision making at the farm level? (b) How and where do CA and diversity of tree/crop varieties/cultivars and livestock breeds contribute to NR conservation and sustainability? (c) How will the use of crop and other residues for either soil improvement or livestock feed be considered as part of livelihood strategies and interacting value chains of crop and animal products? (d) How can the benefits of biological nitrogen fixation be increased? (e) What information do farmers need to integrate the use of available inputs in order to improve farming system performance and close nutrient cycles? (a) What are the knowledge gaps with respect to biotic stresses and environment interactions as mediated by climate change? (b) How can farmers make informed decisions about IPM options to be deployed to suit locally and regionally different agronomic and environmental conditions? (c) What are the best gender and age-sensitive options for integrating community-based organizations and the private sector for scaling out IPM? (d) Which cereal and legume crops and varieties/cultivars in intra and inter-cropping or sequential cropping with allelopathic effects can be introduced to control diseases and suppress weed growth? (e) What policies need to be in place to support the use of IPM?

CoA3: Testing, adapting and validating options System management Links between scale of policy instruments (national) and farmer activities (local) clarified Food and nutritional security and resilient GLDC-based farming systems Governance structures and decision making processes of key stakeholders mapped Variation across scales characterized and their impacts on innovation options assessed and modelled integrating biophysical, socio-economic factors & farmer behaviour GLDC options adapted to the local needs co-designed, tested and validated at field, farm and landscape scales Capacitated stakeholders engagement & participation in learning platforms Trade-off analyses (food-poverty versus ecosystem degradation) at HH (GLDC) and landscape (WLE) Communication tools and messages adapted to the full range of stakeholders

Questions to be addressed (a) What are the aggregating metrics for sustainability on individual interventions? (b) What are trade-off of farm scale options and the competitiveness of new technologies against competing enterprises and their impacts on whole HH; (c) What are the impacts of these interventions at the landscape level with spatially explicit agro-environmental models (e.g., WLE’s Mapping Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being). NB: The modelling platforms (household, crop and livestock) will be used to better understand temporal and spatial dynamics and therefore trade-offs and risk.

Summary Participatory approaches to better target interventions via a focus on: Options x Context = Farming system performance System performance: yield and quality gap reductions, but includes better NR management and crop-livestock diversity for higher profitability, resilience to CC, pests, and market risk A library of case studies of options x context developed to support policy decisions on the management of GLDC-AFS. Near-real-time satellite remote sensing imaging coupled with climate and in-situ observations to allow stakeholders to tailor the rural advisory and early warning to farm production dynamics. FP3 will involve multiple stakeholders in a way that feedbacks are incorporated in the process of development and adoption of sustainably intensified GLDC-based agricultural systems. FP3 will combine technical and social innovations using trans-disciplinary and integrated research approaches and methods to ensure delivery of the expected nutritional and environmental benefits

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