PART 2 ECOLOGY 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6 (Interdependence of Organisms) B-6: Demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationship among organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environment. Ch13;15.1 – Principles of Ecology Ch14/Ch16 – Interactions in Ecosystems & Human Impact

Terms…. Species is a group of organisms that they can breed and produce fertile offspring. Populations are organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Communities are different populations that live together in a defined area. ECOSYTEM is all the organisms that live in a particular place (community), together with their nonliving, environment. Within an ecosystem, need for energy is key to interactions. All organisms need to obtain energy and convert it to ATP! Biome is a major regional or global community of organisms made of similar ecosystems.

BIOTIC – all the living factors ABIOTIC– all the nonliving factors (Biotic and Abiotic affect each other)

What is BIOTIC and ABIOTIC? discover-peru.org

Lecture Questions: B-6.3 Succession What is succession? How does primary succession differ from secondary succession? What is the purpose of a pioneer species? What is 1 example of a pioneer species?

Ecological Succession Succession is the sequence of biotic changes that regenerate a damaged community or create a new community

Primary Succession Previously uninhabited area  Begins with bare rock (no life) Occurs after / Triggered by: Melting glaciers, volcanic eruptions, strip mines Pioneer species (ex - moss, lichen): first organism to inhabit Purpose  Weathers rock into soil

Primary Succession Notice the change in the soil****

Volcano

Glacier

Primary – Begins w/ Rock

Secondary Succession Re-establishment (re-growth) of damaged ecosystem Occurs after / Triggered by: Flood, Fire, Cutting the grass, Hurricane, Abandoned Field,

Secondary – FIRE Stage 2/3 – damage Stage 4 – Soil present and contains seeds Stage 5 – re-growth

Secondary – Pond

Secondary – Regrowth (life present)

Lecture Questions: B-6.4,5 Geochemical Cycles & Maintaining Ecosystems What is transpiration? What adds CO2 to the atmosphere? What removes CO2 from the atmosphere? What is the greenhouse effect? What is the role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?

Hydrologic (water) cycle Circular pathway of water on earth from the atmosphere, to surface, below ground, and back Involves organisms (plants, animals, etc) which are all made of water Plants use water for photosynthesis Water is produced by cell respiration CYCLE: Precipitation – water falling to earth Storage – ground water, bodies of water, organisms Evaporation & Transpiration (water vapor released by plants) Cloud formation – water vapor condenses and starts all over

Hydrologic Cycle

Maintaining Water Quality Hydrologic Cycle purifies water: Evaporated water is pure, containing no impurities As water seeps through soil and rock it is physically filtered by impurities As water flow slows, heavier particles of sediment settle out... Leaving purified water traveling toward oceans

Oxygen & Carbon Cycle Oxygen cycle Carbon cycle Photosynthesis releases Oxygen into atmosphere Cell respiration removes Oxygen from atmosphere Carbon cycle Photosynthesis removes Carbon Dioxide from atmosphere Cell respiration releases Carbon Dioxide into atmosphere Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal) are deposits (reservoirs) of carbon and release carbon during combustion (burning) Carbon is found in atmosphere as CO2 and dissolved in ocean as HCO3 (absorbs what plants do not use)

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

CARBON CYCLE

Maintain Atmosphere Quality Plants help maintain the balance of CO2 and O2 Oxygen produced by photosynthesis helps maintain Ozone layer (protects earth from UV- rays) Greenhouse Effect is the normal warming effect when gases trap heat in the atmosphere Maintains Earth’s temp range More CO2 in atmosphere  Increase in global temp  Increase Photosynthesis  Decrease in CO2 in atmosphere (continues)  decrease global temp

Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycling Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen in atmosphere is converted into ammonium by bacteria in soil (nitrogen- fixation) Ammonium is used by plants to make amino acids (used for important proteins) Animals eat plants, animal waste (excretion) contains nitrogen Bacteria convert nitrogen back to gas

NITROGEN CYCLE

Generating Soils and Recycling Nutrients Soils are composed of minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Plants allow the process of soil production to be balanced with the process of soil erosion Waste materials from organisms are decomposed by bacteria in the soil Nutrients are cycled through geochemical cycles between organisms and the environment

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Lecture Questions: B-6.6 Human Activities What is key to sustainability? What are 2 factors that effect sustainability? What are 2 negative effects of burning fossil fuels? How are CFC’s harmful and where are they found? How have agricultural advances been good and bad? What are non-renewable resources? What are renewable resources?

Sustainability In order to meet the needs of humans to survive indefinitely (sustainability), there needs to be a BALANCE between… Earth’s resources and carrying capacity… Needs of humans and the needs of other species on Earth. Factors that affect the sustainability of humans include: Population Growth Technology Consumption of Resources

Videos Human Population - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sc4HxPxNrZ0&sn s=em http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iodJ0OOdgRg&feat ure=g-vrec Sustainablility - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5NiTN0chj0&sns =em Global Warming - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJAbATJCugs&sns =em Overfishing - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxacxShp3LY&feat ure=related

Technology Advances: Burning Fossil Fuels Increases sustainability of the growing human population Increases the greenhouse gases released in the atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide), which increases global temperatures (global warming) that affect sea levels, climate and atmospheric composition Produces acid rain (pollutants in the air combining with water to cause the normal water pH to be lowered) Acid rain decreases the pH of the soil and can leach nutrients from soils or destroy plant life. Acid rain changes the pH of aquatic ecosystems and therefore affects the types of organisms that can

Technology Advances: CFC’s Chlorofluorohydrocarbons contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer Results in increased ultraviolet rays reaching Earth. CFCs are used in producing foam packing materials, for cleaning electrical components, and refrigeration chemicals (Freon). Currently banned in the US but still used in other parts of the World.

Technology Advances: Agriculture Improved the ability to grow crops to sustain a growing world population. Sustainable agricultural practices can help conserve fertile soil and reduce soil erosion. Farm machinery consumes nonrenewable resources and can contribute to erosion and air pollution. The addition of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, & livestock waste to the environment can alter the composition of soil and can have a positive or negative effect on the water, carbon or nitrogen cycles.

Sustainability and Energy As the population increases and technology expands, the demand for resources also increases. Nonrenewable resources, such as fossil fuels, cannot be produced at the same rate they are consumed. Using natural renewable energy sources (such as wind, water, geothermal, or solar energy) decreases the burning of fossil fuels, which increases the quality of the atmosphere and the cycles involved. Using nuclear energy technology provides an alternative energy source that does not impact the atmosphere. However, the waste produced from nuclear energy use is becoming an increasing concern. Sustainable use of resources can be accomplished by reducing consumption, reusing products, or recycling.

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Endangered Species ACT 1973 Provides for the conservation of species that are endangered or threatened throughout all or a significant portion of their range, and the conservation of the ecosystems on which they depend. A "species" is considered: ENDANGERED if it is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. THREATENED if it is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future. NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)share responsibility for implementing the ESA. Generally, USFWS manages land and freshwater species, while NMFS manages marine and "anadromous" species. NMFS has jurisdiction over 94 listed species.