Chapter 03 *Lecture Outline *See separate Image PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Body Organization Cells form Tissues Tissues form Organs Organs form Systems (e.g., digestive)

Cell Processes Constant turnover of substances Require energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Require nutrients

Cell Membrane Double layers of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein Controls passage of substances Distinct identification structures

Organelles Compartments and specialized structures that perform specific functions Cytoplasm Mitochondria — Power plant Major site for energy production

Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum — Communication network Golgi Complex Rough endoplasmic reticulum - protein synthesis Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - fat synthesis Golgi Complex Packaging site for protein

Organelles Lysosomes Peroxisomes Cell’s digestive system Detoxify harmful chemicals

Nucleus Double membrane Genetic material DNA Directs protein synthesis and cell division

Cell Metabolism Entire network of chemical processes Two types: Release energy from food Synthesis Prepare waste products Two types: Anabolic Catabolic

Four Types of Tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Lines the outside surfaces and external passages Connective Holds structures together Muscle Contracts to cause movement Nervous Transports nerve impulses

Exchange of Nutrients

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Heart and blood vessels Blood Pulmonary circulation Systemic circuit Lymphatic system

Cardiovascular System

Capillary and Lymph Vessels

Portal Circulation Transports nutrients From the small intestine Delivers to the liver

Blood Circulation

Lymphatic System Contains lymph Immune cells Passage for large particles Empties into veins leading to the heart

Nervous System Regulatory system Central Nervous System Brain and the spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System Branches out to organs Basic unit is Neuron Responds to electrical and chemical signals

Nerve Transmission Chemically-gated sodium/potassium channel Sodium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemically-gated sodium/potassium channel Sodium Neuron Gate closed Postsynaptic membrane of another neuron or nearby cell Receptor Synaptic vesicle Neurotransmitter Synapse

Sending Signals Change in sodium and potassium concentration Neurotransmitter Secretion of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine Dependent on nutrient supply

Endocrine System Secretes regulatory substances (hormones) Target cells with receptor proteins Body’s messenger Insulin Thyroid hormones

Pancreas Common bile duct Pancreatic duct Pancreas Exocrine cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or` display. Common bile duct Pancreatic duct Pancreas Exocrine cells secrete digestive enzymes into pancreatic duct Pancreatic islet Endocrine cells secrete hormones into blood stream Blood vessel

Immune System

The Skin Continuous barrier Effects of nutritional deficiencies Lysozyme

The Intestinal Cells Barrier to invading microbes Immunoglobulins Muscosal membrane Effects of nutritional deficiency

White Blood Cells Attack microorganism Phagocytes Cell-mediated immunity Antibodies Antibody-antigen response Template (memory) made

White Blood Cells

The Digestive System

The Mouth Mastication Taste Saliva Solvent Enzymes Mucus