Metabolism all the chemical reactions by which cells use and acquire energy. Anabolism: involves building of complex molecules from simple molecules this requires energy Catabolism: involves the breaking down of complex molecules into smaller ones this process results in the acquisition of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate or ATP Cellular Metabolism (Cellular Respiration): how each cell transfers glucose and oxygen into ATP

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis

Glucose Regulation Pancreas

Pancreatic Cells

Pancreatic Cell Physiology Glucagon Insulin

Glucose Triggers Insulin Release Pancreatic Beta Cell Glucose Triggers Insulin Release Glucose enters cell And generates ATP ATP Closes K+ channels And opens Ca++ channels Ca++ untethers Insulin Allowing Insulin Release

Mitochondria Anatomy Inner Compartment Outer Compartment Inner Membrane Outer Membrane Cytoplasm Cristae

Cellular Respiration - Summary Input: + 6 O2 Four Steps: 1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate Oxidation 3. TCA Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain Output: 6 CO2 6 H2O 32-34 ATP

1. Glycolysis first step in cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol does NOT require O2 input is: 1 glucose molecule 2 ATP molecules output is: 2 pyruvate molecules 4 ATP molecules 2 NADH molecules 2 H+ ions yield is:

2. Pyruvate Oxidation requires O2 input is: output is: yield is: 2 pyruvate molecules output is: 2 acetyl CoA molecules 2 CO2 molecules 2 NADH molecules 2 H+ ions yield is:

3. KREBS Cycle requires O2 input is: output is: yield is: 2 acetyl CoA molecules output is: 9 biochemical reactions yield is: 2 ATP molecules 4 CO2 molecules 6 NADH molecules 6 H+ ions 2 FADH2 molecules 2 GTP molecules

4. Electron Transport Chain requires O2 input is: 10 NADH molecules 10 H+ ions 2 FADH2 molecules output is: 10 NAD+ molecules 2 FAD+ molecules 32-34 ATP molecules yield is:

Other Glucose Modifications Glycolysis Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis from lipids Gluconeogenesis from proteins

Diabetes Mellitus Type I (IDDM): Juvenile Onset (childhood and puberty) Insulin-Producing cells are impaired Greatly reduced or absolute deficiency of insulin Polydipsia (excessive thirst) Polyphagia (excessive eating) Polyuria (excessive urination) Type II (NIDDM): Maturity Onset (usually >40) Risk increases with age and excessive weight (80% are obese) 90% of all Diabetes cases Can often be maintained with diet and exercise Insulin-Producing cells are functional Cells may make enough or too much insulin

Table 4-7, p. 122