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Introduction to Animals Essential Questions: What makes an animal an animal? What is an invertebrate versus a vertebrate? What are the various classes of invertebrates and vertebrates?

Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Evolved ways of moving to feed, reproduce, and protect themselves Specialized cells that form tissues and organs like nerves and muscles Cells do not have cell walls Likely evolved from animal-like protists during the Cambrian period.

What is an animal? Multicellular, which means they are made up of more than one cell. Eukaryotic which means their cells are more complex…..each contains a protective area for their genetic material (called a nucleus) and many other structures with specialized tasks called organelles. Called heterotrophs because they must consume other organic materials to meet their nutritional needs (unlike plants, they cannot make their own food).

Essential Functions All animals carry out the following: Feeding: obtain food from the environment Respiration: exchange O2 and CO2 Circulation: move materials around body Excretion: get rid of wastes Respond: process information with nerves Move: all animals are motile at some point Reproduce: most sexually, some asexually

Animal Development An egg fertilized by sperm is called a Zygote Fertilization forms Zygote Zygote divides by mitosis to form a multicellular Embryo. Embryo continues to divide forming Blastula One side of Blastula folds in to form digestive tract.

Cell Layers Ectoderm : outermost layer of cells of gastrula Forms skin and nervous tissue. Endoderm: Inner layer of cells of gastrula, Forms internal linings. Mesoderm: middle layer of cells of gastrula Forms excretory, circulatory, reproductive, and respiratory systems.

Symmetry Animals can be described in terms of their symmetry. Asymmetry – no body symmetry, irregular in shape Example: Sponge only! Radial Symmetry – can be divided along any plane into through a point into equal halves. Example: Hydra Bilateral Symmetry – can be divided along a lengthwise plane into 2 mirror images. Example: Humans

Body Plans

Body Support Exoskeletons – hard, waxy covering on the exterior of the body. Prevent water loss, protect soft tissues Endoskeletons – Provides support for an internal body & muscle attachment point, flexibility. Protects internal organs and an internal brace for muscles to pull against

2 Major Sub-Phyla Invertebrates – an animal without a backbone; usually has exoskeleton Echinoderms have endoskeletons Vertebrates – an animal with a backbone; bilaterally symmetry; exoskeleton Make up 95% of all animals Have no backbone, or vertebral column, mostly have exoskeletons. Ruled the Earth during the early Paleozoic Era/Cambrian Period Called the “Age of Invertebrates” Open circulatory systems (with a one chambered “heart”) Cannot process Oxygen very well, restricts their size and survival on land.

9 Major Animal Phyla Phylum Porifera - Sponges Phylum Cnidaria – Corals, Hydra & Jellyfish Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms Phylum Mollusca – Snails, squid & Clams Phylum Annelida - Segmented Worms Phylum Arthropoda – Insects, spiders, lobsters Phylum Enchinodermata – Starfish Phylum Chordata - humans

Vertebrate Classes Fish – jawless fish, cartilage fish, bony fish Amphibians – Frogs Reptiles – Snakes, Turtles Avians – all Birds Mammals – have mammary glands and hair/fur placental mammals (95% of all mammals) marsupials (pouched mammals) monotremes (egg laying mammals)

Animals essential questions revisited What makes an animal an animal? What is an invertebrate versus a vertebrate? What are the various classes of invertebrates and vertebrates?

9 Phylum Foldable and Cladogram Create a foldable including the 9 major phyla (3 points), examples of animals in each phylum (3 points), AND 1 picture for each phyla (2 points) On the back of your foldable, create a cladogram to show the evolotionary relationships between the 9 phyla. For assistance, check out book page 660.

Create an animal! Using paper and any other creative materials that you have, create a new animal. Be sure to describe the following on a separate sheet of paper: Is your animal an invertebrate or vertebrate? What kind of symmetry does it show? What habitat does it live in? What adaptations does it have to help it to survive? What phylum or class do you think it fits into?