Religion and Reform Chapter 4

Religious Awakening Section 1

Second Great Awakening early 1800s revival of religious feelings many new branches of Christians emerge began in Kentucky led by Protestant preachers who believed America was immoral and religious participation is crucial to country's future Revivalists – these were preachers who wanted to revive, or reenergize, the role of religion in America.

Charles Grandison Finney – a former attorney who went on to be one of the most influential revivalists. Gave passionate sermons. This evangelical style of worship, designed to elicit strong emotions and attract converts. During this time tension grew between church and state. The debate continues today between church and state. African Americans were welcomed at the revivals. Some African Americans established their own, separate churches. A former slave, Richard Allen, led a group of Philadelphians in forming their own church in 1787.

Mormons Joseph Smith wrote about visions he had to form new church Started in the state of New York in 1839 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints followers called Mormons becomes a powerful and wealthy group chased away when groups set up, eventually settle in Utah under leadership of Brigham Young Joseph Smith murdered when he says he's going to run for President

Unitarians Started in New England, members argued that instead of seeing God as a “Trinity,” people should see God as a single divine being.

Discrimination Non-Protestants discriminated against in politics and business Mormons – Joseph Smith was killed after he declared his intention to run for President. Roman Catholic – Protestants thought Catholicism was incompatible with American ideals of democracy. They thought Catholics would be loyal to the Pope. Jews – were not allowed to hold public office.

Utopias and Transcendentalism Utopian communities – these individuals chose to distance themselves from society by setting up communities based on unusual ways of sharing property, labor, and family life. They aspired to make perfect communities.

Transcendentalists Emerge a way of looking at humanity, nature, and God and the relationship among them Ralph Waldo Emerson a former Unitarian minister. He wrote about the universe in essays, sermons, and poems Henry David Thoreau was a follower of Emerson. Was arrested for not paying taxes, “civil disobedience” must be true to oneself even you break the law

Section 2 A Reforming Society

Noah Webster – Created The American Spelling Book, he emphasized America’s differences from England. Public School Movement –also called the common school movement, sought to establish such a system of tax-supported public schools.

Things getting fixed: Educational Reforms tax supported, public schools established in late 1830s most in the North Horace Mann-very influential, led the way in the public school movement. Grew up poor & had firsthand experience with inadequate schooling Leader in the Massachusetts Senate Pushed for the creation of a state board of education Pushed for free public schools and children would have to attend by law Pushed for well-educated professional teachers many women became teachers

Things Getting Fixed Help for the mentally ill Help for the imprisoned Dorothea Dix taught Sunday school in a prison-saw that mentally ill were imprisoned with criminals decided to help the mentally ill her work led to creation of the first mental hospitals she also helped to reform prisons to turn them into rehabilitation centers instead of just punishments Penitentiary Movement - reformers felt that prisons should be a place to make prisoners feel penitence, or sorrow for their crimes.

Things Getting Fixed Temperance movement an effort to end alcohol abuse and urge consumption in moderation warned about dangers of alcohol: money spent on it instead of food crime and violence missing work abusing family Many states enact restrictive laws Neal Dow – earned a worldwide reputation for his lectures on alcohol abuse, he became mayor in Portland, Maine and succeeded in passing laws that restricted the sale of alcohol.

The Antislavery Movement Section 3 The Antislavery Movement

Cruel Treatment of Slaves: All worked from dawn to dusk They were beaten and whipped Separated from family Took a huge mental toll, those who survived did it through religion and a mix of traditional African and Christian beliefs.

Resisting Slavery sabotage breaking tools, working slow revolts-estimated 200 in 1800s Denmark Vessey planned a failed revolt in Charleston Nat Turner led somewhat successful revolt in Virginia running away via Underground Railroad Network of escape routes Harriet Tubman “the Black Moses” 40,000-100,000 slaves freed “I never run my train off the track, and I never lost a passenger.”

Abolitionist Movement Movement to end slavery 1808 legal importation of slaves ends Gained momentum 1830s Created increased tensions between north and south South Reactions Illegal to teach slaves to read Banned anti-slavery publications

Moderate Abolitionism Benjamin Lundy The Genius of Universal Emancipation published 1st abolitionist newspaper in Boston Lundy’s ideal plan Gradual emancipation Phase it out by not allowing to spread to the new territory and stopping slave trade

Radical Abolitionism Immediate end of slavery full rights for all William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator American Anti-Slavery Society Immediate end of slavery full rights for all 1835 150,000 members More than 1 millions pamphlets

Colonization of Liberia American Colonization Society (1817) Liberia (1822)

Frederick Douglass – a former slave that was well spoken who told stories about the difficulties he had encountered as a former slave. During the Civil War he was an advisor to President Lincoln and convinced Lincoln to let the freedman fight for the North. John C. Calhoun – a southerner who believed that slavery was vital to America’s way of life. Gag Rule – a law which prohibited debate and discussion in Congress on the subject of slavery. Passed in 1836, it was renewed annually for eight years.

Divisions Among Abolitionists Divisions over Women’s Participation Divisions over Race Divisions over Tactics Does the constitution support slavery?

To open everyone's eyes... Harriet Beecher Stowe writes Uncle Tom’s Cabin “the little lady who caused a big war”

Opposition to Abolitionist Movement North Considered radical idea Job competition Further increase tensions between N & S Socially inferior to whites

Opposition in the South Postmasters refused to deliver abolitionists material 1836 Gag Rule- prohibited antislavery petitions from being heard in the House for the next 8 years

Women’s Movement Section 4 Women face limits: could not own property, hold office, or vote. They were not to speak in public and were not afforded educational opportunities Some groups, such as, Native Americans, African Americans, and Mexican Americans had significant amount of power. In these cultures, women controlled or influenced work patterns and family structure. Matrilineal – the inheritance of family names and property followed the female line in the family

Cultural and Legal Limits Politics Law Public speaking Vote Property Will Could not keep money earned

Mid-1800s Abolitionist movement gave women a stepping stone into American Politics Parallels between women and African Americans

Sojourner Truth – a former slave from New York who gave powerful speeches and arguments. Industrialization in the 1820’s and 1830’s led to the first opportunity for women to work outside the home. Not only did it provide economic independence, but also, social independence. Women’s Movement - women began to argue that they lacked the same power that slaves lacked. This created a movement working for greater rights and opportunities for women.

Women gain some movement Women begin to enter the workforce because of the Industrial Revolution low paying factory jobs expected to quit if married or pregnant

Disagreements on Goals varying views on degree at which women should become active in the public/business world

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Margaret Fuller Transcendentalists who thought women’s powers of intellect was equal to men’s. Lucretia Mott Worked with Stanton to organize the Seneca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Raised a family and wanted women to win the right to vote.

Seneca Falls Convention NY, 1848 1st women’s rights convention in US No immediate success but did mark the beginning of organized movement Amelia Bloomer – attended the convention and began to publish the newspaper , The Lily, in which she advocated women’s rights. Suffrage – right to vote Married Women’s Property Act – guaranteed property rights for women