History of Astronomy Chapter 2.

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Presentation transcript:

History of Astronomy Chapter 2

Apparent motion of stars Rise from east, and set in the west. Rotate around Polaris. Any star rises 3 min 56 sec earlier every night.

Apparent motion of the Sun Sun follows the ecliptic. Ecliptic: the path followed by the sun.

The celestial sphere الكرة السماوية Zenith: The point directly overhead.

Sunrise and sunset

Sunrise 28 Jan. 2012 (Dhahran)

Constellations الأبراج Patterns of stars in the sky. 88 constellations. Served as a calendar. Some imagination. No physical relation between members of any constellation.

Zodiac: circle of animals دائرة البروج

Zodiac: a band in which planets move.

Motion of planets Follow the ecliptic. Retrograde motion: apparent reverse of planet’s motion.

Motion of the Moon Follows the ecliptic in the sky. Moonrise is 50 min late every night. Moon’s shape changes because we see different amounts of its illuminated parts.

Eclipses The angle between the moon’s orbit to the ecliptic plane is 5.15°. Eclipses do not occure every month.

Eclipses Twice a year on average. New moon (Solar eclipse) Full moon (Lunar Eclipse)

2.1 Egyptian and Other Early Astronomy River Nile floods every summer. Relation to the first appearance of Sirius in the eastern sky before sunrise in early July.

2.2 Greek Astronomy Prograde motion: the ordinary direction of motion of planets (the same as the sun and the moon wrt stars). Retrograde motion: the apparent backward motion of planets wrt to stars. Periods of retrograde motion  Order of distance of planets

2.2 Greek Astronomy Aristotle: geocentric model

2.2 Greek Astronomy Ptolemy: epicycle, defernt, equant.

Problems With the Geocentric Model The planets appear to change brightness, implying a change of distance. The planets undergo retrograde motion (they move backwards compared to the direction the Sun moves). Mercury and Venus are never seen at opposition (they always appear close to the Sun).

2.2 Greek Astronomy Eratosthenes: Measuring the diameter of Earth.

Al-Ma’amoun الخليفة المأمون قام العلماء المسلمون أيام الخليفة المأمون بقياس محيط الكرة الأرضية. وكان ذلك بأمر من الخليفة المأمون عندما وصل إلى علمه أن المتقدمين قد ذكروا أن محيط كرة الأرض أربعة وعشرون ألف ميل، فأراد المأمون أن يقف على حقيقة ذلك. فأمر بني موسى أن يتأكدوا من ذلك قائلا: "أريد منكم أن تعلموا الطريق الذي ذكره المتقدمون، حتى نبصر هل يتحقق ذلك أم لا؟ فسأل بنو موسى عن الأراضي المتساوية في أي البلاد هي؟ فقيل لهم: صحراء سنجار، وجاءوا إلى الصحراء المذكورة فوقفوا في موضع منها، فأخذوا ارتفاع القطب الشمالي -أي عرض المكان- ببعض الآلات، وضربوا في ذلك الموضع وتدا وربطوا فيه حبلا طويلا، ومشوا فيه إلى جهة الشمال أيضا كفعلهم الأول. ولم يزل ذلك دأبهم حتى انتهوا إلى موضع أخذوا فيه ارتفاع القطب المذكور، فوجدوه قد زاد على الارتفاع الأول درجة، فمسحوا ذلك القدر الذي قدروه بالحبال. فبلغ ستة وستين ميلا وثلثي ميل فعلموا أن كل درجة من درج الفلك، يقابلها من سطح الأرض ستة وستون ميلا وثلثان. ثم عادوا إلى الموضع الذي ضربوا فيه الوتد الأول، وشدوا فيه حبلا وتوجهوا إلى جهة الجنوب ومشوا على الاستقامة، وعملوا كما عملوا في جهة الشمال. ثم أخذوا الارتفاع فوجدوا القطب الجنوبي قد نقص عن ارتفاعه الأول درجة، فصح حسابهم وحققوا ما قصدوه من ذلك... فلما عاد بنو موسى إلى المأمون وأخبروه بما صنعوا، وكان موافقا لما رآه في الكتب القديمة من استخراج الأوائل، طلب تحقيق ذلك في موضع آخر؛ فسيرهم إلى أرض الكوفة، وفعلوا كما فعلوا في سنجار فتوافق الحسابان، فعلم المأمون صحة ما حرره القدماء في ذلك".  ولقد وجد بنو موسى أن محصلة القياسين اختلفت فيما بين (56,25) ميلا و (57) ميلا، فاتخذوا متوسطهما وهو (56,67) ميلا تقريبا. وباعتبار أن الميل العربي يساوي (1973,2) مترا.  ويكون طول محيط الأرض حاصل ضرب (56,67 * 1973,2 * 360) وهو يساوي (40253,3) كم بالقياس الحالي، أي بنسبة خطأ مقداره (133,3) كم عن القياس الحديث (0.3 %).

Al-Bairouni البيروني ابحث عن طريقة البيروني في تحديد قطر الأرض !