From dna to rna

RNA RNA: ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information

Similarities and differences in dna and rna RNA is a single strand while DNA is the double helix Meaning one back bone Sugar is called ribose and has one more oxygen atom RNA does not contain thymine, instead it has uracil which bonds with adenine Similarities: Both have sugar-phosphate backbone Both have the nucleotides

RNA: is important for producing protein and crucial in replicating DNA RNA’S ROLE RNA: is important for producing protein and crucial in replicating DNA DNA: carries your genetic traits and creates………you

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA

Types of RNA Types of RNA There are three main types of RNA: Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm Types of RNA Types of RNA There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA ribosomal RNA transfer RNA

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www. biologyjunction MESSENGER RNA The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www. biologyjunction RIBOSOMAL RNA The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Ribosomal RNA is combined with proteins to form ribosomes. Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

TRANSFER RNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm Types of RNA Amino acid The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Transfer RNA During protein construction, transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome.

TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION DNA molecule DNA strand (template) 3¢ 5¢ TRANSCRIPTION mRNA 5¢ 3¢ Codon TRANSLATION Protein Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm Amino acid

Transcription defined DNA is copied in the form of RNA This first process is called transcription. The process begins at a section of DNA called a promoter. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www. biologyjunction During transcription, RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA. Transcription

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www. biologyjunction RNA Editing Some DNA within a gene is not needed to produce a protein. These areas are called introns. The DNA sequences that code for proteins are called exons. RNA Editing

RNA EDITING: INTRONS AND EXONS The introns are cut out of RNA molecules. The exons are the spliced together to form mRNA. Exon Intron DNA Pre-mRNA mRNA Many RNA molecules have sections, called introns, edited out of them before they become functional. The remaining pieces, called exons, are spliced together. Then, a cap and tail are added to form the final RNA molecule. Cap Tail Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm

The Genetic Code The Genetic Code The genetic code is the “language” of mRNA instructions. The code is written using four “letters” (the bases: A, U, C, and G). Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm

The Genetic Code: THE CODON A codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that specify a particular amino acid. A codon is a group of three nucleotides on messenger RNA that specify a particular amino acid. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm

THE GENETIC CODE: WHAT’S IT CODING? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm THE GENETIC CODE: WHAT’S IT CODING? The genetic code shows the amino acid to which each of the 64 possible codons corresponds. To decode a codon, start at the middle of the circle and move outward.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www. biologyjunction TRANSLATION: DEFINED Translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein). Translation takes place on ribosomes. During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www. biologyjunction Translation: process The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the mRNA. Phenylalanine tRNA Ribosome During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process. mRNA Start codon

Translation: PROTIEN SYNTHESIS Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm Lysine tRNA Protein Synthesis During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process. Translation direction mRNA Ribosome

Translation: CONTINUES Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm Translation: CONTINUES The process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon. Polypeptide Ribosome tRNA During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process. mRNA

Amino acids within a polypeptide Codon Codon Codon GENES AND PROTIEN DNA mRNA Protein Single strand of DNA Codon Codon Codon mRNA This diagram illustrates how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried in DNA. The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a template for mRNA. The codons of mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein, and proteins play a key role in producing an organism’s traits. Alanine Arginine Leucine Amino acids within a polypeptide Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm