DNA: Blueprint for Life

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Presentation transcript:

DNA: Blueprint for Life The Structure of DNA A. Nucleotides – basic unit of DNA B. Nitrogen Bases C. DNA Replication

Structure of DNA DNA made of nucleotides, the basic unit Nucleotide is made of three parts: 1. One Phosphate 2. One 5-Carbon Sugar (deoxyribose) 3. One Nitrogen base Adenine(A), Guanine(G) – Purines Thymine(T), Cytosine(C) – Pyrimidines

Structure of DNA Sugar and Phosphate are the “backbone” of DNA Two parallel strands of sugar-phosphate groups with pairs of nitrogen bases linking the two strands together with weak hydrogen bonds, forming a double helix. WHY WEAK BONDS?

Structure of DNA Nitrogen Base Pairing- Chargoff’s Rules: A=T (one purine/ pyrimidine) C=G (one purine/ pyrimidine) DNA strands are complementary because of base pairing rules Nitrogen bases are attached to sugars.

DNA Nucleotides Purines Pyrimidines Deoxyribose Phosphate group Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Phosphate group Deoxyribose

Structure of DNA Nucleotide Weak Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

Molecular Structure

Chromosome Structure Nucleosome Chromosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils Histones

DNA Replication A Perfect Copy When a cell divides, each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. This means that each new cell has a complete set of the DNA code. Before a cell can divide, the DNA must be copied so that there are two sets ready to be distributed to the new cells.

DNA Replication Complementary strands of DNA serve as a pattern for a new strand. DNA replication carried out by enzymes which “unzip” the two strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds. Then, appropriate nitrogen bases are inserted. Enzymes also proofread the bases to make sure of correct base pairing.

DNA Replication Original strand DNA polymerase New strand Growth Replication fork Replication fork Nitrogenous bases New strand Original strand

DNA Replication DNA 3’G C C A T T G T A A T5’ enzymes Copied DNA 5’C G G T A A C A T T A3’ DNA 5’C G G T A A C A T T A3’ Copied DNA 3’G C C A T T G T A A T5’