Zoology An Introduction

What is an Animal? Are members of Kingdom Animalia Are multicellular Are Eukaryotic Are Heterotorphs Lack cell walls

What is an Animal? Multicelluar: Having more than one cell Eukaryotic: Organisms whose cell contain a nucleus Heterotroph: Organisms that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer. Cell Wall: Strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, & some bacteria.

2 Types of Animals Invertebrates: Animals that do not have a backbone or a vertebral column Vertebrates: Animals that has a vertebral column, or backbone

The Cambrian Explosion Cambrian Explosion:  Beginning 542 million years ago Cambrian Period, during which most major animal phyla appeared, as indicated by the fossil record. Lasting for about 20 – 30 million years, it resulted in the divergence (appearance) of most modern phyla.

The Cambrian Explosion It's important to remember that what we call "the fossil record" is only the available fossil record. In order to be available to us, the remains of ancient plants and animals have to be preserved first, and this means that they need to have fossilizable parts and to be buried in an environment that will not destroy them.  Lobopod

The Cambrian Explosion Why did so many phyla appear during this time period? Some point to the increase in oxygen that began around 700 million years ago, providing fuel for movement and the evolution of more complex body structures. Others propose that an extinction of life just before the Cambrian opened up ecological roles (niches), or "adaptive space," that the new forms used.  Opabinia

What Animals Do to Survive Animals carry out the following essential functions: 1. Feed 2. Respire 3. Circulation 4. Excrete 5. Respond 6. Move 7. Reproduce

Essential Functions Feeding: Animals feed in a large variety of ways. Carnivore: Eats meat ONLY Herbivore: Eats plants ONLY Omnivore: Eats meat & plants Detritivore: Feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter called detritus (Includes poop).

Additional Types of Feeders Insectivores: Eats insects only Piscivores: Eat fish only

Additional Types of Feeders Frugivores: Eats fruits These animals are seed dispersers which is important for plants and a healthy forest The advantages of seed dispersal may have led to the evolution of fleshy fruits, which entice animals to eat the fruits and move the plants seeds from place to place. Mammal and bird species represent the majority of seed dispersing species.

Additional Types of Feeders Grainivores: Eats seeds only Mainly birds, mammals, and insects Destroys the seeds To counterbalance effects of predation, plants have evolved defenses such as seed morphology (size, shape, toughness) and chemical defenses to defend against their seed predators Nectarivores: Eats nectar only Includes butterflies, hummingbirds, bees, and many bats Very important plant pollinators

Essential Functions: Feeding Continued Some animals form symbiotic relationships. Symbiosis: Is the relationship in which two species live closely together a. Mutualism b. Commensalism c. Parasitism

Essential Functions: Feeding Continued a. Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship.

Essential Functions: Feeding Continued b. Commensalism: Symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Barnacles on a Whale

Essential Functions: Feeding Continued c. Parasitism: Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and harms it.

Reed Warbler feeding a common cuckoo baby This is called Brood Parasitism

Brown Headed Cow Bird

Essential Functions Respiration: Whether they live in water or on land, all animals respire, which means they take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. Some can rely on diffusion of these substances through their skin Most have evolved complex tissues and organ systems for respiration like gills & lungs

Essential Functions Circulation: Many aquatic animals (ex: aquatic worms) rely solely on diffusion to transport oxygen & waste. Sponges and Starfish use water to transport materials around their bodies Larger animals use blood in their circulatory system to move materials around within their bodies.

Essential Functions Excretion: A primary waste product of cellular metabolism is ammonia, a poisonous substance that contains nitrogen. A buildup of ammonia & other wastes would kill an animal Scat Guano (birds/bats) Dung Droppings

Essential Functions Response: Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called nerve cells. Primitive animals do NOT have a brain, just a network of cells. Nerve cells are receptors that respond to sound, light, and other stimuli. Advanced animals have a brain.

Essential Functions Movement: Some live their entire lives attached to a single spot. Most are motile meaning that they move

Essential Functions Reproduction: Sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction uses gametes Maintains genetic diversity in populations Helps species evolve when the environment changes Asexual reproduction does NOT use gametes Many reproduce asexually & allows to increase numbers rapidly (inverts.) Fragmentation & Budding are the most common in animals.

Symmetry Radial Symmetry: Body is arranged in a circle like the spokes of a wheel. * Do NOT have a single concentration of nerve cells (brain). These animals are considered primitive. They have 2 sides * Oral: Mouth side * Aboral: Opposite side of the mouth

Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry: Most animals are bilaterally symmetrical with a line of symmetry dividing their body into left and right sides along with a "head" and "tail" in addition to a top and bottom.

Bilateral Symmetry If cut in half long-ways, each side is a mirror image. Bilateral animals have a concentration of sensory and nerve cells that make up the brain located in the anterior end is called cephalization (head). Bilateral Symmetrical animals are the most advanced. Includes worms, insects & vertebrates

Symmetry Asymmetry: Sponges are multicellular animals, unique in many ways. They are the only group of animals that can be classified as asymmetric, which means they possess no symmetry at all. There is no plane through their bodies where you could cut them in half to produce two mirror images.

Bilateral Symmetry Anterior End = Front/head End Posterior End = Tail End Dorsal Side = Upper/back/top Side Ventral Side = Lower/stomach/under Side

Animal Groupings to Know Group Name Sea Lions & Breeding birds & Penguins Rookery Baboons Troop Ants Colony, Army, Swarm, Nest Bass/fish Shoal or school Baby birds Brood or clutch Camels Caravan Crows Murder or Horde Dogs & wolves Pack Flying Hawks Kettle Hawks in general Cast Jellyfish Smack or brood or swarm Monkeys Troop or tribe

Animal Groupings to Know Group Name Otters Romp or raft Porcupines Prickle Salmon Run Group of females (seals) Harem Walrus Herd or pod Weasels Gang Bears Sleuth Lion Pride Deer Herd or mob Frogs Army or knot Hippopotamus Herd or bloat Hummingbirds Charm