Forces that oppose motion

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Presentation transcript:

Forces that oppose motion

FRICTION a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching each other. A force that brings an object to rest. Acts between surfaces.

WHAT CAUSES FRICTION? Caused by microscopic, electrostatic interactions between contacting surfaces

FRICTION To move one surface over the other, a force must be applied to break the microwelds.

THREE TYPES OF FRICTION Static Friction Sliding Friction Rolling Friction

STATIC FRICTION The frictional force that prevents two surfaces from sliding past each other. force required to overcome inertia of a stationary object.

STATIC FRICTION Suppose you have filled a cardboard box with books and want to move it. It’s too heavy to lift, so you start pushing on it, but it doesn’t budge. If the box doesn’t move, then it has zero acceleration.

STATIC FRICTION CHANGES TO SLIDING FRICTION

SLIDING FRICTION The force that opposes the motion of two surfaces sliding past each other. The force required to keep an object sliding at a constant speed Depends on mass and surface and surface type.

SLIDING FRICTION You ask a friend to help you move the box. Together you are able to supply enough force to break the microwelds between the floor and the bottom of the box. Pushing together, the box moves. Together you and your friend have exerted enough force to break the microwelds between the floor and the bottom of the box.

ROLLING FRICTION The frictional force between a rolling object and the surface it rolls on. force required to keep an object rolling at a constant speed Opposes motion less than sliding.

ROLLING FRICTION As a wheel rolls over a surface, the wheel digs into the surface, causing both the wheel and the surface to be deformed.

WAYS TO REDUCE FRICTION Lubricants are used to help sliding friction. Change static friction to sliding friction. Change sliding friction to rolling friction.

HELPFUL FRICTION? Friction can be helpful tire treads brakes walking climbing

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER The amount of force required to overcome static friction is always greater than the force required to overcome sliding or rolling friction.

FRICTION FRICTION

AIR RESISTANCE a friction-like force that opposes the motion of objects that move through the air. The amount of air resistance on an object depends on the speed, size, and shape of the object. Air resistance, not the object’s mass, is why feathers, leaves, and pieces of paper fall more slowly than pennies, acorns, and apples

AIR RESISTANCE Air Resistance and Terminal Velocity

FREE FALL A free falling object is an object that is falling under the sole influence of gravity. Any object that is being acted upon only by the force of gravity is said to be in a state of free fall. Be sure you can tell me why sky divers are NOT free falling.

FREE FALL Two Important Characteristics: Free-falling objects do not encounter air resistance. All free-falling objects (on Earth) accelerate downwards at a rate of 9.8 m/s2.

TERMINAL VELOCITY Terminal velocity is the constant velocity of a falling object when the force of air resistance is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force of gravity.

FREE FALL AND TERMINAL VELOCITY The opposing force of air resistance increases with speed. Objects accelerate towards the Earth until the force of gravity is cancelled or balanced by this air resistance. This is the highest speed an object can reach. Different objects have different terminal velocities.