Utilizing Carbon Nanotubes to Improve Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells ENMA 490 Spring 2006

Motivation Problem: Lack of power in remote locations Possible solution: Organic solar cells are less expensive and more portable than conventional solar cells Main issue: Inadequate efficiency The need for power in remote locations has given rise to the need for a more portable solar cell Organic solar cells have shown great potential for the solution The problem lies in the inadequate efficiency currently found in organic solar cells

What We Did Focus: Increase the efficiency through the addition of carbon nanotubes Research Goal: Model a basic device and propose an ideal structure for more efficient power generation Experimental Goal: Build selected devices to test parameters

Project Organization Research Team Erik Lowery Nathan Fierro Adam Haughton Richard Elkins Experimental Team Erin Flanagan Scott Wilson Matt Stair Michael Kasser Abstract/ project overview

How Organic Solar Cells Work Photon absorption, excitons are created Excitons diffusion to an interface Charge separation due to electric fields at the interface. Separated charges travel to the electrodes. High Work Function Electrode Donor Material E Acceptor Material Basic Structure Low Work Function Electrode

Critical Design Issues Exciton creation via photon absorption Material absorption characteristics Exciton diffusion to junction Interfaces within exciton diffusion length (nanoscale structure) Charge separation Donor/Acceptor band alignment Transport of charge to electrodes High charge mobility Steps here mimic the ones from the previous slide, but want to emphasize the material properties that are important at each step. Photon absorption – want good absorption within the solar spectrum Exciton Diffusion – nanoscale structure that has interfaces within the diffusion length of the excitons Charge Separation – Energy difference between the donor/acceptor forces charges to separate Transport of charges – good mobility

The Active Layer Composed of an electron donor and electron acceptor 3 types of junctions Bilayer Diffuse Bilayer Bulk heterojunction Usually the excitons from the electron donor are responsible for the photocurrent And now Scott is going to go into more details on the materials we used and how we approached modeling the problem.

Electron Acceptor MEH-PPV-CN Electron acceptor Electrical Properties CN group Increased band alignment Higher electron affinity Electrical Properties Poor charge mobility Optical Properties Peak emission at 558 nm Peak absorption at 405 nm (~3eV) Solar Spectrum MEH-PPV-CN Irradiance (W/m^2) Absorption (arb. Units) FIX GRAPH HERE Energy, eV

Electron Donor Carbon Nanotubes Orders of magnitude better conductance than polymers Our nanotubes specifications (Zyvex) Functionalized Diameter: 5-15 nm Length: 0.5-5 microns MWNT (60% metallic 40% semiconducting) Length hard to estimate AFM Amplitude Scan

Electron Donor (cont.) Carbon Nanotubes Optical Properties Diameter SW vs. MW Chirality (Semi-conducting vs metallic) Chose which graphs and key points you want to emphasize here… SWNT v MWNT

Modeling Model Geometry Photogeneration of Excitons Exciton Transport to Junction Electron Hole Separation Charge Transport to Electrode

Model Geometry Incoming Light ITO CNT MEH-PPV-CN Al X=0 X=L ITO CNT MEH-PPV-CN Al Define A to be the area perpendicular to the incoming light.

Photogeneration of Excitons

Photogeneration of Excitons Start with Beer-Lambert absorption equation: Arrive at expression for # Photons absorbed per unit area, per unit time Use either blackbody approximation or numerical data for the solar spectrum (Sinc)

Exciton Transport to Junction Diffusion Model Initial and Boundary Conditions Diffusion Term Decay Term, simple time-dependent model Source Term, accounts for exciton generation Term by term breakdown, be prepared to answer questions about each term… Excitons destroyed at CNT/Electrode Interface Excitons destroyed at CNT/Polymer Junction Initially, assume ground state, no excitons anywhere.

Charge Transport to Electrode Holes move along CNTs Hole Mobility ~ 3000 cm2/Vs Electrons move along MEH-PPV-CN Electron Mobility ~ 3.3x10-7 cm2/Vs Current density is directly related to mobility; Increased mobility leads to higher current densities. Read up on this charge transport model

Modeling Summary CNT/MEH-PPV junctions within diffusion length of exciton generation points Thickness Optimization Problem: Maximizing thickness gives more excitons Minimizing thickness leads to higher current

Ideal Structure ITO Nanotubes Nanoscale mixing MEH-PPV-CN Al In our goals we say we modeled this, are we putting that into the report? Nanoscale mixing allows excitons to charge separate before they recombine Structure allows for the bulk heterojunction and minimizes the travel distance to the electrodes

Experimental Design Experimental design parameters CNT concentration Method of mixing Spin Parameters Solvents Details need to filled in here by Erin or Matt

Device Process Flow ITO .4 mm .7 mm .2 mm 2.5 mm

Device Process Flow PEDOT ~100nm Al contacts ~600 Å

Active Layer

Device Process Flow LiF ~ 20 Å Al contacts

Final Product

Nanotube

Experimental Results Pure polymer devices acted like diodes. Light emission was observed at higher currents (8 mA)

Experimental Results Pure CNT acted like a resistor, R >350Ω.

Experimental Design Issues We Addressed Nanotube Processing Method of dispersion Type of solvent Concentration CNT amount of CNT in solvent CNT to Polymer Diffused junction vs. bulk heterojunction

Results Summary Absorption spectra measured AFM to check spatial distribution of nanotubes No successful devices made Possible causes: CNT shorting Functionalized CNTs might be a problem

Conclusions Experimental: Modeling: Device process recipe needs to be refined Solve experimental design problems to work on successful device Modeling: Diffusion model considerations point towards improving efficiency by creating nanoscale structure Need to consider charge transport in more detail

Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following people/organizations: Dr. Gary Rubloff Dr. Danilo Romero Laboratory for Physical Sciences Zyvex