Unit II Chapter 4-Consciousness and its variations Chapter 6-Memory

Circadian Rhythm Any rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle in the absence of 24-hour cues body temperature cortisol secretion sleep and wakefulness In the absence of time cues, the cycle period will become somewhat longer than 24 hours. Where could there be an absence of cues? Keywords: circadian rhythm

Hockenbury text p 124

Electroencephalogram (EEG) Electrodes placed on the scalp provide a gross record of the electrical activity of the brain EEG recordings are a rough index of psychological states Discovering Psych Schulman Slides Keywords: electroencephalogram, EEG

Stages of Sleep Sleep stage 1: brief transition stage when first falling asleep Stages 2 through 4 (slow-wave sleep): successively deeper stages of sleep Characterized by an increasing percentage of slow, irregular, high-amplitude delta waves Delta waves Sleep stage 1 1 second Sleep stage 4 Sleep stage 2 Spindlers (bursts of activity) Discovering Psych Schulman Slides Keywords: sleep stage 1, sleep stage 2, sleep stage 3, sleep stage 4, delta waves

Stages of Sleep Upon reaching stage 4 and after about 80 to 100 minutes of total sleep time, sleep lightens, returns through stages 3 and 2 REM sleep emerges, characterized by EEG patterns that resemble beta waves of alert wakefulness muscles most relaxed rapid eye movements occur dreams occur Four or five sleep cycles occur in a typical night’s sleep; less time is spent in slow-wave, more is spent in REM Keywords: REM sleep, sleep cycles

DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132

Individual Differences in Sleep Drive Some individuals need more and some less than the typical 8 hours per night Nonsomniacs—sleep far less than most, but do not feel tired during the day Insomniacs—have a normal desire for sleep, but are unable to and feel tired during the day Keywords: nonsomniacs, insomniacs

Sleep Disorders Insomnia—inability to fall asleep or stay asleep REM sleep disorder—sleeper acts out his or her dreams Night terrors—sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) Narcolepsy—overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up. Narcoleptic Dog Sleep apnea—failure to breathe when asleep

Dreams and REM Sleep True dream—vivid, detailed dreams consisting of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM Sleep thought—lacks vivid sensory and motor sensations, is more similar to daytime thinking Lucid dreaming-Anyone know what this is? Sleepwalking dog Keywords: true dream, sleep thought

Hypnosis State of awareness Highly focused attention Increased responsiveness to suggestion Vivid imagery Willingness to accept distortions of logic Alteration of sensation and perception

DiscPsy p146

Meditation Sustained concentration that focuses attention and heightens awareness Lowered physiological arousal decreased heart rate decreased BP Predominance of alpha brain waves

Psychoactive Drugs Depressants—inhibit brain activity Opiates—pain relief and euphoria Stimulants—increase brain activity Psychedelics—distort sensory perceptions

Common Properties Physical dependence Tolerance Withdrawal symptoms Drug rebound effect

Depressants Alcohol—CNS depressant Barbiturates—induce sleep Tranquilizers—relieve anxiety Discuss with class BAC and how different liquors compare in alcohol content.

Opiates Chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties Mimic the brain’s endorphins Heroin, methadone Percodan, Demerol

Stimulants Caffeine Nicotine Amphetamines Cocaine

Psychedelics Create perceptual distortions Mescaline LSD Marijuana Flashback reactions and psychotic episodes

Chapter 6-Memory

Stage Model of Memory

Three Stages of Memory Three memory stores that differ in function, capacity and duration Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal Hockenbury slides (Schulman) Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; sensory memory; short-term memory; working memory; long-term memory; attention; encoding; maintenance rehearsal; retrieval

Sensory Memory Function—holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics Capacity—large can hold many items at once Duration—very brief retention of images .3 sec for visual info 2 sec for auditory info Sensory Input Memory Hockenbury slides (Schulman) Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; sensory memory

Short Term or Working Memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Attention Hockenbury slides (Schulman) Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; sensory memory; attention; working memory; short-term memory

Short-Term Memory Function—conscious processing of information where information is actively worked on Capacity—limited (holds 7+/-2 items) Duration—brief storage (about 30 seconds) Hockenbury slides (Schulman) Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; sensory memory; short-term memory; working memory; attention; memory span; 7 +/- 2 items Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Attention

Maintenance Rehearsal Mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Attention Maintenance Rehearsal Hockenbury slides (Schulman) Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; sensory memory; short-term memory; working memory; attention; maintenance rehearsal

Chunking Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information expands working memory load Which is easier to remember? 4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6 483 792 516 Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; short-term memory; working memory; chunking

Long-Term Memory Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal Hockenbury slides (Schulman) Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; long-term memory; working memory; short-term memory; encoding; retrieval

Long-Term Memory Encoding—process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store Retrieval—process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal Hockenbury slides (Schulman) Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; long-term memory; working memory; short-term memory; encoding; retrieval

Types of Long Term Memory Explicit memory—memory with awareness; information can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory Implicit memory—memory without awareness; memory that affects behavior but cannot consciously be recalled; also called non-declarative memory

Explicit Memory Declarative or conscious memory Memory consciously recalled or declared Can use explicit memory to directly respond to a question Two subtypes of explicit memory Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory;

Episodic Memory Memory tied to your own personal experiences Examples: What month is your birthday? Do you like to eat caramel apples? Q: Why are these explicit memories? A: Because you can actively declare your answers to these questions Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory; episodic memory

Semantic Memory Memory not tied to personal events General facts and definitions about the world Examples: How many tires on a car? What is a cloud? What color is a banana? Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory; semantic memory

Semantic Memory Q: Why are these explicit memories? A: Because you can actively declare your answers Important note: Though you may have personal experience with these items, your ability to answer does NOT depend on tying the item to your past i.e., Do not have to recall the time last week when you ate a banana to say that bananas are yellow Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory; semantic memory

Tip of the tongue phenomenon TOT—involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being unable to retrieve it Can’t retrieve info that you absolutely know is stored in your LTM key words: forgetting; retrieval; long-term memory; tip of the tongue phenomenon

Measures of Retrieval Recall—test of LTM that involves retrieving memories without cues, also termed free recall Cued recall—test of LTM that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue Recognition—test of LTM that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices. Serial position effect—tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle.

Eyewitness Testimony Scripts—type of schema Mental organization of events in time Example of a classroom script: Come into class, sit down, talk to friends, bell rings, instructor begins to speak, take notes, bell rings again, leave class, etc. Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; schemas; scripts

Eyewitness Testimony Recall not an exact replica of original events Recall a construction built and rebuilt from various sources Often fit memories into existing beliefs or schemas Schema—mental representation of an object, scene or event Example: schema of a countryside may include green grass, hills, farms, a barn, cows, etc. Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; schemas; scripts

Which is the real penny? Hockenbury slides (Schulman) key words: forgetting; encoding

Answer Hockenbury slides (Schulman) key words: forgetting; encoding

Encoding Failures Even though you’ve seen thousands of pennies, you’ve probably never looked at one closely to encode specific features key words: forgetting; encoding

Retroactive Interference When a NEW memory interferes with remembering OLD information Example: When new phone number interferes with ability to remember old phone number key words: forgetting; retrieval; interference theories; retroactive interference

Decay Theories Memories fade away or decay gradually if unused Time plays critical role Ability to retrieve info declines with time after original encoding Average percentage of information retained 20 mins 1 hr 8 hrs 24 2 days 6 31 Interval between original learning of nonsense syllables and memory test 100% Hockenbury slides (Schulman) key words: forgetting; retrieval; decay theories

Biological Basis of Memory Amnesia—severe memory loss Retrograde amnesia—inability to remember past episodic information; common after head injury; need for consolidation Anterograde amnesia—inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage Memory test Memory test-false

Memory Test You have 60 seconds! SOUR NICE CANDY HONEY SUGAR SODA BITTER COCOA GOOD CAKE TASTE HEART TOOTH TART PIE

How many put the word SWEET down from your list?

2nd Chance Memory Test You have 60 seconds! MAD WRATH FEAR HAPPY HATE FIGHT RAGE HATRED TEMPER MEAN FURY CALM IRE EMOTION

How many put the word ANGER or ANGRY down from the list?

MEMORY TEST CONCLUSION How many of you on the first list put down the word “SWEET”, if so stand up, good job. Now on the 2nd list, how many of you put down the word “ANGER” or “ANGRY”, if so stand up, good job. ALL OF YOU STANDING ARE 100%, POSITIVELY ?

SOUR NICE CANDY HONEY SUGAR SODA BITTER COCOA GOOD CAKE TASTE HEART TOOTH TART PIE MAD WRATH FEAR HAPPY HATE FIGHT RAGE HATRED TEMPER MEAN FURY CALM IRE EMOTION ALL OF YOU STANDING HAVE EXPERIENCED A FALSE MEMORY!!!