History Topics You Should Know M-STEP PREP!! History Topics You Should Know

Economy The wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services.

Market Economy Free Market Competition and Consumer Choice Supply and Demand An economic system in which prices are based on competition among private businesses and not controlled by a government

Command Economy A command economy is when government makes decisions, or a planned economy, is an economic system where the main economic decisions (such as allocating scarce resources like labor, capital, soil and natural resources) are taken by a central body; which is usually the government. THE GOVERNMENT IS IN CONTROL!!

Mixed Economy A mixed economy means that part of the economy is left to the free market, and part of it is run by the government. In reality most economies are mixed, with varying degrees of state intervention. Mixed economies start from the basis of allowing private enterprise to run most business. Then the governments intervene in certain areas of the economy, such as regulation, and spending money on public services.

Democracy A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives. Authority is given to the government / President by the people. Bicameral legislature (2 house) – House of Representatives/Senate Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers to ensure that the government does not get too powerful. Constitution is the supreme law of the land.

Republic A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

Democratic Republic A country that is both a republic and a democracy. It is one where ultimate authority and power is derived from the citizens, and the government itself is run through elected officials.

Monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in one or several individual(s) reigning until death or abdication. Leader: King / Queen – Chosen through heredity. Absolute Monarchy – has complete control and does not need to follow a Constitution. Constitutional Monarchy – must follow the laws of the Constitution.

Dictatorship Form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. Examples: Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin

Theocracy A form of government in which a country is ruled by religious leaders. Laws are created with religious values in mind.

President Leader of a democracy. Powers: l. Be commander in chief of the Army and Navy when called into service. 2. Require the opinion of the principal officer in each executive department. 3. Have power to grand reprieves and pardons. 4. Make treaties. 5. Nominate/appoint ambassadors, judges of the Supreme Court; other officers of the U.S.

Treaty An agreement between countries that ends a war or conflict.

Bill of Rights First 10 Amendments to our Constitution. 1st Amendment: Right to free speech, press, petition, and assembly 10th Amendment: All rights that are not reserved to the federal government by the Constitution is left in the hands of the states.

Northwest Ordinance The Northwest Ordinance, adopted July 13, 1787, by the Second Continental Congress, chartered a government for the Northwest Territory. Also, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory.

Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States. Ratified on March 1, 1781 and under these articles, the states remained sovereign and independent, with Congress serving as the last resort on appeal of disputes. WEAKNESSES: 1 The national government could not force the states to obey its laws. 2 It did not have the power to tax 3 It did not have the power to enforce laws 4 Congress lacked strong and steady leadership 5 There was no national army or navy 6 There was no system of national courts 7 Each state could issue its own paper money

United States Constitution The U.S. Constitution established a stronger national government with certain basic rights for its citizens and was signed in 1787. At the 1787 convention, delegates devised a plan for a stronger federal government with three branches–executive, legislative and judicial–along with a system of checks and balances to ensure no single branch would have too much power. The Bill of Rights–10 amendments guaranteeing basic individual protections–became part of the Constitution in 1791

Taxes A fee charged (levied) by a government on a product, income, or activity.

State Powers Powers reserved for the states: “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people” (Tenth Amendment in the Bill of Rights) Overlapping powers: Powers allotted to both state governments and the federal government. These include: The power to levy taxes The power to borrow money The power to charter corporations State-to-state relations: Full faith and credit clause: Each state must honor other states’ public acts and records A citizen of one state is a citizen of every state and is entitled to all the privileges and immunities of those states Anyone who is charged with a crime in one state and escapes to another state must be returned to the state where the crime was committed Congress may admit new states to the Union, but no new states can be created within the boundaries of existing states without the approval of Congress and the state legislatures concerned

National Powers Express powers: Powers that the Constitution explicitly grants the federal government. These include the powers to: Collect taxes Regulate interstate commerce Coin money, regulate currency, set standards of weights and measures Declare war Raise and maintain an army and navy Implied powers: Based on the elastic clause, powers considered “necessary and proper” for carrying out the enumerated (or express) powers For example, in 1791, Federalists in Congress argued that the creation of a national bank was “necessary and proper” for Congress to execute its enumerated powers to coin and borrow money and regulate currency.McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) confirmed Congress’s right to found this national bank.

Secession U.S. History Context: The South leaving the Union to form their own independent country.

The Confederacy The government of the South during the Civil War. Led by Jefferson Davis. They believed that they were completely separate from the Union at this time.

Union Name for the North during the Civil War. Ex: Abraham Lincoln wanted to protect the Union (All of the United States).

Abraham Lincoln President during the Civil War President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, and it declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free." It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy that had already come under Northern control.

Freedman’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau was established in 1865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. It provided food, housing and medical aid, established schools and offered legal assistance. It also attempted to settle former slaves on Confederate lands confiscated during the war.

Slavery Slavery in America began when the first African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, to aid in the production of such lucrative crops as tobacco. Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the 17th/18th centuries, and African-American slaves helped build the economic foundations of the new nation. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 solidified the central importance of slavery to the South’s economy.

Native Originally from a place or area.

Continent Any of the world's main continuous expanses of land (Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America).

Federal Income Tax Tax ($) that you have to pay to the Federal (National) Government. The federal government levies a tax on personal income. The federal income tax provides for national programs such as defense, foreign affairs, law enforcement, and interest on the national debt.

Profits A financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something.

Raw Materials A material or substance used in the primary production or manufacturing of a good. Raw materials are often natural resources such as oil, iron and wood.

Employer A person or organization that hires people to work for them.

Consumer A person who purchases goods and services for personal use.

Revenue Income ($)

Advertising The action of calling something to the attention of the public especially by paid announcements

Constitutional Convention The Constitutional Convention of 1787 produced the most enduring written Constitution ever created. Though the United States existed prior to the ratification of the Constitution, it was a nation held together by the tenuous threads of the Articles of Confederation, a sometimes contentious, and often ineffectual national government. The men who were at Philadelphia that hot summer hammered out a document that was the result of dozens of compromises and shaped by the failures of the Unites States under the Articles as well as the failures of all well-known European governments of the time.

Louisiana Purchase With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States purchased approximately 828,000,000 square miles of territory from France, thereby doubling the size of the young republic. What was known as Louisiana Territory stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north. Part or all of 15 states were eventually created from the land deal, which is considered one of the most important achievements of Thomas Jefferson’s presidency.

Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark Expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the first American expedition to cross what is now the western portion of the United States, departing in May 1804, from near St. Louis on the Mississippi River, making their way westward through the continental divide to the Pacific coast. The primary objective was to explore and map the newly acquired territory, find a practical route across the Western half of the continent, and establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it.

Zebulon Pike Was an American brigadier general and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado is named. As a United States Army captain in 1806–1807, he led the Pike Expedition, sent out by President Thomas Jefferson, to explore and document the southern portion of the Louisiana territory and to find the headwaters of the Red River, during which he recorded the discovery of what later was called Pikes Peak

Opportunity Cost The cost of an alternative that must be forgone in order to pursue a certain action. Put another way, the benefits you could have received by taking an alternative action.

Bartering Exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services without using money.

Loan Money that is borrowed that you must pay back.

Private Goods vs. Public Goods Private: is defined in economics as "an item that yields positive benefits to people Public: "The defining characteristic of a public good is that consumption of it by one individual does not actually or potentially reduce the amount available to be consumed by another individual". Public goods include fresh air, knowledge, lighthouses, national security, flood control systems and street lighting.

Ecosystem A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Commander in Chief Another term for the President of the United States. Denotes his being in charge of the military

Separation of Powers The principle or system of vesting in separate branches the executive, legislative, and judicial powers of a government. This ensures that the government will not become too powerful.

Legislative Branch Makes the laws Includes Congress (House of Representatives and the Senate)

Judicial Branch Enforces the laws. Includes the courts systems all the way up to the highest court – the Supreme Court

Executive Branch The executive branch of the United States government consists of the President, the Vice President and 15 Cabinet-level executive departments

Checks and Balances This system allows the branches to “check” each other in various ways to ensure that one does not get too powerful.

3/5 Compromise The three-fifths compromise was an agreement between Southern and Northern states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 in Philadelphia, during which the basic framework of the United States was established. Under this compromise, only three- fifths of the slave population was counted for the purpose of taxation and representation in Congress. Counting slaves as part of the population rather than as property would give the Southern states more political clout.

Ratification Approval (to sign in to law)

Federalist Believed in strong central government Supported a federal constitution Did not believe that a bill of rights was necessary

Anti-Federalist Believed states should have more power Believed that the federal constitution should not have all the power Believed that a Bill of Rights was necessary to protect personal liberties.

Constitutional Principles A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.[1] These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a written constitution; if they are written down in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a codified constitution.

Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was articulated in President James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress on December 2, 1823. The European powers, according to Monroe, were obligated to respect the Western Hemisphere as the United States' sphere of interest.

Marbury. V. Madison Marbury v. Madison, arguably the most important case in Supreme Court history, was the first U.S. Supreme Court case to apply the principle of "judicial review" -- the power of federal courts to void acts of Congress in conflict with the Constitution. Written in 1803 by Chief Justice John Marshall, the decision played a key role in making the Supreme Court a separate branch of government on par with Congress and the executive.

Nullify To invalidate or cancel.

Precedent The first time that something has occurred. Future actions / court decisions will be based off of this first occurrence and decision by the courts.

Trail of Tears In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects.

Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny is a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico.

Monopoly In economics, a monopoly occurs when one company is the sole (or nearly sole) provider of a good or service within an industry.

Sectionalism An extreme sense of pride for a region of the country.

Nationalism An extreme sense of pride for one’s country.

North vs. South North: More populated, industrial, contained more railroad lines and resources, and allowed African Americans to fight in the Civil War – huge advantage. South: less populated, agrarian (agricultural), contained fewer railroad lines and resources, and did not allow African Americans to fight in the Civil War for fear of rebellion.

Horace Mann Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation's unruly children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Mann won widespread approval from modernizers, especially in his Whig Party, for building public schools. Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers.[2] Mann has been credited by educational historians as the "Father of the Common School Movement".[3]

John Brown He led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His plan to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal was thwarted, however, by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee. Within 36 hours of the attack, most of Brown's men had been killed or captured.

Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad, a vast network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and to Canada, was not run by any single organization or person. Rather, it consisted of many individuals -- many whites but predominently black -- who knew only of the local efforts to aid fugitives and not of the overall operation. Still, it effectively moved hundreds of slaves northward each year -- according to one estimate, the South lost 100,000 slaves between 1810 and 1850.

William Lloyd Garrison In the very first issue of his anti-slavery newspaper, the Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison stated, "I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD." And Garrison was heard. For more than three decades, from the first issue of his weekly paper in 1831, until after the end of the Civil War in 1865 when the last issue was published, Garrison spoke out eloquently and passionately against slavery and for the rights of America's black inhabitants.

Abolitionist A person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery.

The Grimke sisters

Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth was a prominent abolitionist and women’s rights activist. Born a slave in New York State, she had at least three of her children sold away from her. After escaping slavery, Truth embraced evangelical religion and became involved in moral reform and abolitionist work. She collected supplies for black regiments during the Civil War and immersed herself in advocating for freedpeople during the Reconstruction period.

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Anthony managed the business affairs of the women's rights movement while Stanton did most of the writing. Together they edited and published a woman's newspaper, theRevolution, from 1868 to 1870. In 1869, Anthony and Stanton formed the National Woman Suffrage Association. They traveled all over the country and abroad, promoting woman's rights.

Seneca Falls Convention Was the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848.

Antebellum Occurring or existing before a particular war, especially the American Civil War.

Temperance Defined as moderation or voluntary self-restraint.[1] It is typically described in terms of what an individual voluntarily refrains from doing.[ Abstinence from alcoholic drink. "the temperance movement“ moderation or self-restraint, especially in eating and drinking.

Famine A widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including crop failure, population imbalance, or government policies

Civil Disobedience Is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power.

Suffrage The right to vote in political elections.

Missouri Compromise Was a United States federal statute devised by Henry Clay. It regulated slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri

Wilmot Proviso Was designed to eliminate slavery within the land acquired as a result of the Mexican War (1846-48). Soon after the war began, President James K. Polk sought the appropriation of $2 million as part of a bill to negotiate the terms of a treaty.

Compromise of 1850 Was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican–American War (1846–48).

Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers.

Dred Scott Was an enslaved African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and their two daughters in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857, popularly known as the "Dred Scott Decision."

Border State were slave states that did not secede from the Union. Four slave states never declared a secession: Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri.

Habeas Corpus is a recourse in law whereby a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment before a court, usually through a prison official

13th Amendment Formally abolishing slavery everywhere in the United States, the 13th Amendment was passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on December 6, 1865.

14th Amendment was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed.

15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

19th Amendment Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote.

Poll Tax/ Literacy Test/ Grandfather Clause Money you had to pay in order to vote Allowed for only whites to vote as freed slaves possessed no money yet Required voters to pass a reading and writing test in order to vote Further kept freed slaves from voting as they were not literate yet In order to vote your Grandfather needed to have voted Generations down the line would equal no voting for freed slaves since NONE of their grandfathers would have ever been able to vote

Jim Crow Laws Statutes enacted by Southern states and municipalities, beginning in the 1880s, that legalized segregation between blacks and whites. The name is believed to be derived from a character in a popular minstrel song.

Reconstruction The transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Congress, with the reconstruction of state and society.

Circular Flow Model

Eastern and Western Hemisphere

5 Themes of Geography An educational tool for teaching geography. Location Place Human Environment Interaction Movement Region

Landforms A natural feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body. Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. Typical landforms include hills, mountains,plateaus, canyons, valleys as well as shoreline features such as bays, peninsulas, and seas, including submerged features such as mid-ocean ridges, volcanoes, and the great ocean basins.

Latitude and Longitude

North American Free Trade Agreement In 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect, creating one of the world’s largest free trade zones and laying the foundations for strong economic growth and rising prosperity for Canada, the United States, and Mexico.

United Nations  Is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict.

Atmosphere Ex: What was the atmosphere among soldiers in Civil War camps? Atmosphere of civil war camps was one of death and disease

Nation-State A form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or language live in a particular area under one government

Interdependence Is the mutual reliance between two or more groups. In relationships, interdependence is the degree to which members of the group are mutually dependent on the others

Imports  A good brought into a jurisdiction, especially across a national border, from an external source.

Exports  Shipping the goods and services out of the jurisdiction of a country

Cultural Diffusion The spreading out of culture, culture traits, or  a cultural patterns from a central point.

Hunter / Gatherers Is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.

Primary Sources Is an artifact, a document, a recording, or other source of information that was created at the time under study. It serves as an original source of information about the topic.

Secondary Sources Documents written after an event has occurred, providing secondhand accounts of that event, person, or topic. Unlike primary sources, which provide first-hand accounts, secondary sources offer different perspectives, analysis, and conclusions of those accounts.

Pastoralism Is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep.