Monitoring drug-related crime in Europe: state of play Teodora Groshkova 20 March 2018, Luxembourg Working Group Meeting: Statistics on Crime and Criminal Justice

Outline EMCDDA supply monitoring framework New developments Drug law offences Drug-related homicide Drug-related intimidation

Influence of operational priorities Key challenges for measurement and analysis ‘Hidden’ phenomenon Influence of operational priorities Robustness and consistency of data collection methods Issues of data comparability Variability in coverage 3

Driving themes for supply indicator development A dynamic and systematic approach in line with Council Conclusions (2013) Focus on a minimum core data set for routine reporting to form a top-level European analysis Data quality needs to improve incrementally over time The system should be operationally coherent with, and add value to, national level activities (or it won’t work) Identify opportunities presented by operational data collection for enhancing our understanding of drug supply patterns and trends

Internal consultation What did we do? Conceptual framework for monitoring supply and supply reduction Literature review Internal consultation Critical examination Key developments, scope Draft framework, approach to improvement Expanded framework, concept paper Late 2015 2-3 March 2017

Building on previous work 3 conceptual domains Drug markets, drivers and facilitators Processes & actors Market dimensions Drivers Drug-related crime, harms & other consequences Social and economic consequences Environmental impacts Drug supply reduction & responses

Supply-side monitoring system: EMCDDA framework DRUG MARKETS, DRIVERS AND FACILITATORS DRUG- RELATED CRIME, HARMS AND OTHER CONSE-QUENCES DRUG SUPPLY REDUCTION AND RESPONSES

Thematic areas, domains and potential indicators

Approaches for improvement Improve existing data collections Expand the range and scope of the data collected Improve analysis

Improve existing data collections Routine data (+15 years of monitoring) Drug law offences Seizures Prices Composition of tablets Potency/Purity

Adding new data Greater resource implications Feasibility questions New opportunities and challenges Cultivation sites Production facilities (labs) Drug-related violence (homicides)

Open source information Adding new sources Darknet monitoring Mechanisms to incorporate information on ad-hoc basis Assess if essential data becomes suitable for routine reporting Open source information

Drug law offences

DLO data collection pre-2015 Reitox network collect data on drug-law offences (ST11) in the EU, in most cases since 1995 Total number of reports for drug-law offences (criminal/non-criminal): offences and/or offenders Breakdowns - by general type of offence: drug use, drug production and drug-trafficking related - by drug (cannabis, heroin, (crack-)cocaine, (meth)amphetamine, ecstasy, LSD and other drugs)

2015 – implementation of revised ST11 Revised ST11 and new protocol prepared with support from Eurostat and Member States (2014) A number of improvements to data collection instrument, most notably: Revised DLO categorisation to allow discrimination between categories of supply, such as street-level and wholesale dealing; ICCS-UNODC definitions adopted; Number of offences (previously provided to Eurostat) must now be reported; Option to report offences related to controlled precursors, NPS and substances under international control that are used as medicines; Elaborated methodological data requirements to allow EMCDDA more confidence in the analyses performed with the data.

Current DLO data collection

Change in number of reported DLO categories (2014-16)

Revised ST11 implementation 2015 Parallel EMCDDA – EUROSTAT implementation of DLO data collection (revised ST11) 2016 Analysis of key differences between the two EU data submissions Overall outcome of the comparison presented to EMCDDA HNFPs 2017 EMCDDA leading on intensive work for reconciling the two data collections Positive response and initiative in a number of Member States

2016 data collection – key observations Full correspondence (n=1) Reporting issues: definitions (n=3) Units: ‘Offences’ vs ‘offenders’ (n=5) Stage in the criminal process ≠ ‘initial’ (n=6) Limited breakdown (n=7) Data sources (n=9)

Drug-related homicide

The project 1. Sources 2. Role of drugs Aim/Questions Methodology Scope 1. Sources 2. Role of drugs 3. Obstacles 4. Overcoming obstacles http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications_en

Findings Light blue: Studied countries Darker blue: Homicide specific data Darkest blue: DRH data

Cause-of-death statistics Obstacles 1: Fragmentation Cause-of-death statistics Court data Police statistics Open sources (media)

2: Cross-national comparability Obstacles 2: Cross-national comparability ‘Drug-related homicide’ Definition Differential use of definition ‘homicide’

3: Cross-national comparability Obstacles 3: Cross-national comparability ‘Drug-related homicide’ Unit of analysis Event <> Offender <> Victim Specific output E.g. drug user <> drug intoxication E.g. dealer kills dealer <> user kills dealer Definition Differential use of definition ‘homicide’

Drug involvement in national homicides Findings Drug involvement in national homicides Some figures 2000-2015: Steady 10% of offenders is drug user 2000-2015: Annual count of intoxicated offenders < 3 2013-2015: 6% of homicides to obtain drugs or drug proceeds 2003-2006: Intoxicated male and female offenders: resp. 22% and 19% 2000-2015: Intoxicated offenders fluctuant: 40% (2006), 8% (2015) 2000-2015: Avg. homicide suspects under influence of drugs: 18% 1998-2004: In 8% dealer killed user or vice versa 2003-2006: Intoxicated male and female offenders: resp. 21% and 13%

Overcoming obstacles Study drug-related homicide at European level Coordination from European level Uniform definitions and coding Build a consortium of data providers to implement a platform for the collection and analysis of data

Drug-related intimidation

Ireland case study Health Research Board Action related to the topic in Reducing harm, supporting recovery: a health-led approach to drug and alcohol use in Ireland 2017-2025 EMCDDA technical support Estimate and describe the harm of drug-related intimidation

Thank you teodora.groshkova@emcdda.europa.eu (351) 211 21 02 45