Informatics 121 Software Design I Lecture 5 André van der Hoek & Alex Baker Duplication of course material for any commercial purpose without the explicit written permission of the professor is prohibited. November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

© 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek Today’s Lecture Characterizing design activity November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

© 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek Recap Stakeholders Any design aims to effect a change in the world, and anyone affected by these changes, as well as anyone engaged in effecting the changes, is considered a stakeholder in the design process. November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

© 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek Recap Stakeholders Any design aims to effect a change in the world, and anyone affected by these changes, as well as anyone engaged in effecting the changes, is considered a stakeholder in the design process. Outcomes Outcomes are those things that happen to stakeholders as a result of a designer’s work. November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

© 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek Recap Stakeholders Any design aims to effect a change in the world, and anyone affected by these changes, as well as anyone engaged in effecting the changes, is considered a stakeholder in the design process. Designs Between stakeholders and outcomes stand designs, expressions of what is to be created or done to solve the design problem. Outcomes Outcomes are those things that happen to stakeholders as a result of a designer’s work. November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

Choosing between Alternatives Final Design Alternative Designs So, a very simplified view of the design process, which you are experiencing as part of your refinement of your bus station ideas and comparison on your alternative designs, is to identify alternative designs and variations on those designs, and decide which you would like to use. Well, how do you decide which you want? November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

What Makes a Design Good? Final Design Alternative Designs Product Well, lets consider what the role of a design is. At the end of your design process, you’ll hand off the final design, and some product will be created. So you want the best design, which is the one that leads to the best product. November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

What Makes a Product Good? Final Design Product How do you determine if a product is good? Well, it depends on the user, and the experience that they have – so the notion of a good product is tied up in the experience of using it, the outcomes are all intertangled. Users Experiences November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

What Makes a Product Good? Final Design Product But remember, users are just some of the stakeholders that we have – how do other stakeholders feel about the product you’ve created? How do the drivers/manufacturers/etc of your design problem feel about the product, the user’s experience, and other aspects of the product? Stakeholders Users subset of Experiences November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

The Heart of the Design Problem Final Design lead to leads to Alternative Designs Product have goals and anticipated uses for experienced by So the whole thing is a bit circular, we must consider the alternatives that stakeholders might like (highlighted), but… Stakeholders Users subset of Experiences may or may not match expectations of leads to November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

The Heart of the Design Problem Final Design lead to leads to Alternative Designs Product have goals and anticipated uses for experienced by …in order to find that out, we have to project along the outside of the wheel, and imagine what kind of designs will lead to what products, and what the experience of using those products will be like – its important to have the prototypes, representations and other tools to make these kinds of projections effectively Stakeholders Users subset of Experiences may or may not match expectations of leads to November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

© 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek Designers Have To… Final Design lead to leads to Alternative Designs Product produce generate envision Designers have goals and anticipated uses for experienced by Your job, as a designer, is to manage all parts of this cycle, to internalize them, and come to designs and products that will work the best – of course, that obscures a lot of the details of how to actually design… so lets get to those Stakeholders Users identify anticipate predict Experiences may or may not match expectations of leads to November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

© 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek The Heart of the Design Problem: Infinities, Wickedness, and Satisficing Final Design lead to leads to Alternative Designs Product produce generate envision Designers have goals and anticipated uses for experienced by Your job, as a designer, is to manage all parts of this cycle, to internalize them, and come to designs and products that will work the best – of course, that obscures a lot of the details of how to actually design… so lets get to those Stakeholders Users identify anticipate predict Experiences may or may not match expectations of leads to November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

© 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek Magic? November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

Identify Stakeholders Final Design lead to leads to Alternative Designs Product produce generate envision Designers have goals and anticipated uses for experienced by Your job, as a designer, is to manage all parts of this cycle, to internalize them, and come to designs and products that will work the best – of course, that obscures a lot of the details of how to actually design… so lets get to those Stakeholders Users identify anticipate predict Experiences may or may not match expectations of leads to November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

Identify Stakeholders: Methods Group meeting / interview with stakeholders Looking at similar / previous / previous version of your own products – what users do they have? Ask customer Conduct a field study (observations in the field, interview in the field) Be the subject yourself, by going through the experience Define the context and see who is related Research the organizations that are involved Interviewing an outside person close to the situation but not necessarily a stakeholder Check with the domain expert (inside your own organization, or someone from the outside) Survey the domain / end users Anticipate you don’t know them all Always check government regulations Standards bodies November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

Generate Alternative Designs Final Design lead to leads to Alternative Designs Product produce generate envision Designers have goals and anticipated uses for experienced by Your job, as a designer, is to manage all parts of this cycle, to internalize them, and come to designs and products that will work the best – of course, that obscures a lot of the details of how to actually design… so lets get to those Stakeholders Users identify anticipate predict Experiences may or may not match expectations of leads to November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

Generate Alternative Designs: Methods Prioritizing different stakeholders / changing priorities Trying out tradeoffs in terms of different goals and uses Generate artificial constraints Seeking random inspiration Think of frequent potential use cases, design for them Brainstorming Testing the design for use cases Splitting a design team into multiple subteams – designing the same and/or different parts Picking a template, finding something that is already Think of similar/related systems, add funcitonality (or subtract!) Collaborate Isolate Inspecting Walking through the design November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

© 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek Produce Final Design Final Design lead to leads to Alternative Designs Product produce generate envision Designers have goals and anticipated uses for experienced by Your job, as a designer, is to manage all parts of this cycle, to internalize them, and come to designs and products that will work the best – of course, that obscures a lot of the details of how to actually design… so lets get to those Stakeholders Users identify anticipate predict Experiences may or may not match expectations of leads to November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

Produce Final Design: Methods Testing (mentally, walthrough, ..) Integrate parts from other designs Document, document, and document Refine! Blueprinting November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

© 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek Envision Product Final Design lead to leads to Alternative Designs Product produce generate envision Designers have goals and anticipated uses for experienced by Your job, as a designer, is to manage all parts of this cycle, to internalize them, and come to designs and products that will work the best – of course, that obscures a lot of the details of how to actually design… so lets get to those Stakeholders Users identify anticipate predict Experiences may or may not match expectations of leads to November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

Envision Product: Methods Prototyping Paper prototyping Differentiating yourself from existing products I am NOT that, but more like this Blueprinting Walkthrough Simulation Make a video Make a picture  November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

© 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek Anticipate Users Final Design lead to leads to Alternative Designs Product produce generate envision Designers have goals and anticipated uses for experienced by Your job, as a designer, is to manage all parts of this cycle, to internalize them, and come to designs and products that will work the best – of course, that obscures a lot of the details of how to actually design… so lets get to those Stakeholders Users identify anticipate predict Experiences may or may not match expectations of leads to November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

Anticipate Users: Methods Role play! Examining use cases Personas (fake users with real data) Demographics Field study Shadowing Interview one on one Interview groups November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

© 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek Predict Experiences Final Design lead to leads to Alternative Designs Product produce generate envision Designers have goals and anticipated uses for experienced by Your job, as a designer, is to manage all parts of this cycle, to internalize them, and come to designs and products that will work the best – of course, that obscures a lot of the details of how to actually design… so lets get to those Stakeholders Users identify anticipate predict Experiences may or may not match expectations of leads to November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

Predict Experiences: Methods Prototyping Putting prototypes in front of users November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

The Process Is Not Linear Final Design lead to leads to Alternative Designs Product produce generate envision Designers have goals and anticipated uses for experienced by Your job, as a designer, is to manage all parts of this cycle, to internalize them, and come to designs and products that will work the best – of course, that obscures a lot of the details of how to actually design… so lets get to those Stakeholders Users identify anticipate predict Experiences may or may not match expectations of leads to November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek

© 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek Tips for Assignment 3 Ask yourself… …do you have at least one alternative design that satisfactorily addresses each of the goals and uses of the various stakeholders? …what methods are you using that we identified in class today? …what tradeoffs are you making to address conflicts? …do you have a complete and precise vision for the product? …do you have a clear understanding of what users’ perceptions will be of this product? …can you identify the mismatches in stakeholders’ expectations and what your envisioned product will provide? … Basically, are you engaging with the design process consciously and purposefully? November 7, 2018 – 18:33:51 © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek