CHAPTER 16 Conquering a Continent 1854–1890 James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 16 Conquering a Continent 1854–1890 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

1. What is this poster promoting? (Answer: Settlement in the West.) 2. Who was the intended audience? (Answer: Those desiring land, economic opportunity, the ability to build a home.) 3. According to this poster, what makes the West “great”? (Answer: Depicted as a land of plenty: vegetables, mountains, trees, livestock, space for housing, land.)

I. The Republican Vision A. The New Union and the World 1. Foreign relations 2. William Seward 3

1. What did artist Hashimoto Sadahide seek to show his Japanese audience with these images? (Answer: Reveals the flurry of activity as western ships—U.S. and French—enter the harbor to trade goods; loading of a ship is depicted in one image, arrival of a ship in the second image; presence of women and men aboard; women watching as men work.) 2. Consider reactions to Asian immigrants to the United States during this same era. How might Americans have depicted the arrival of men and women from Japan to harbors on the Pacific Coast? (Answer: Students might discuss anti-Chinese and Japanese sentiment on the West Coast; anti-Asian illustrations and cartoons published in newspapers.)

I. The Republican Vision B. Integrating the National Economy 1. Tariffs and Economic Growth 2. The Role of Courts 3. Silver and Gold

II. Incorporating the West A. Mining Empires 1. Nevada’s Comstock Lode 2. Corporate mining

II. Incorporating the West B. Cattlemen on the Plains 1. Removal of bison 2. Ranching

II. Incorporating the West C. Homesteaders 1. Women in the West 2. Environmental Challenges 14

II. Incorporating the West D. The First National Park 1. Preservation 2. Tourism

III. A Harvest of Blood: Native Peoples Dispossessed A. The Civil War and Indians on the Plains 1. Dakota Sioux 2. Cheyenne

III. A Harvest of Blood: Native Peoples Dispossessed B. Grant’s Peace Policy 1. Indian Boarding Schools 2. Breaking Up Tribal Lands 18

III. A Harvest of Blood: Native Peoples Dispossessed C. The End of Armed Resistance 1. Sitting Bull and Custer 2. Battle of Little Big Horn

1. Describe these two men, their dress, and their surroundings 1. Describe these two men, their dress, and their surroundings. (Answer: Two men of Native American heritage; one appears older than the other; each man has long hair that has been styled, earrings, necklaces; both men are seated on the floor surrounded by various unidentifiable items hanging on the wall behind them with rope and feathers.) 2. Can you identify any evidence of these men’s interaction with white Americans? (Answer: Nothing in this image indicates that these men have any interaction with white Americans and/or European settlers.) 3. Speculate: why did Edward Curtis choose to photograph Little Plume and his son Yellow Kidney? (Answer: Curtis appears to want to show native men in their home environment.) 4. Curtis has been criticized by modern-day historians for removing items from his subjects’ clothing and environment and to make them appear more “authentic” in his photographs. What might be missing from this picture? (Answer: European-American-styled furniture, clothing, tools, weapons, books, cooking utensils.) 5. Does the knowledge that Curtis made such changes to his pictures influence your assessment of this image as a historical artifact? (Answer: Here students could discuss the issue of bias, the importance of questioning sources, authenticity.)

III. A Harvest of Blood: Native Peoples Dispossessed D. Strategies of Survival 1. Syncretism 2. Wounded Knee 24

III. A Harvest of Blood: Native Peoples Dispossessed E. Western Myths and Realities 1. Buffalo Bill Cody 2. Frederick Jackson Turner 3. General William Sherman’s death