TOP TEN THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW Analyze how ideological conflict shaped international relations after the Second World War including expansionism, containment, deterrence, brinkmanship, détente, nonalignment, liberation movements Detente TOP TEN THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW

What does it mean An end to hostilities Relaxing (something was strained)

Nuclear Treaties (to slow the spread) 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty Response to intense conflict of Cuban Missile Crisis 1968 Non-proliferation Treaty 1972 SALT (ABMs) No SALT II

Nuclear Treaties (to reverse the spread) 1982 – START 2010 New START – reduce to 1550 each 1987 INF Treaty (reduce smaller weapons, allow inspectors) 1983 – “Star Wars” (Strategic Defense Initiative) To fight the “evil empire” Violates SALT (ABM site, weaponizing space) Contributes to massive increase in military spending - debt

Ping Pong Diplomacy 1971 Ping Pong Tournament later Kissinger arranges for Nixon to visit China in 1972 Sports allows for ideological opponents to meet Opens door to acceptance of communist Chinese government by the West trade and modern globalization

1975 Helsinki Accord Ends interventionist policies (Truman and Brezhnev Doctrines) Accept post-WW II borders Humanitarian work and greater acceptance of human rights = more freedom to protest in Communist bloc

Gorbachev Perestroika – economic restructuring (like Lenin’s NEP) Glasnost – openness (freedoms) Allows for more freedom of expression = protests grow People begin demanding more from government Ethnic conflicts start to increase “Cognitive dissonance” Leads to collapse of Soviet empire

Domino Theory in Reverse Warsaw Pact members declare independence from the Soviet sphere of influence - Poland, Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania Azerbaijan declared sovereignty on 23 September 1989. Georgia declared sovereignty on 9 March 1990 Lithuania declared independence on 11 March 1990. Latvia declared independence on 4 May 1990. Russia declared sovereignty on 11 June 1990. Uzbekistan declared sovereignty on 20 June 1990. Moldova (Moldavia) declared sovereignty on 23 June 1990. Ukraine declared sovereignty on 16 July 1990. Belorussia declared sovereignty on 27 July 1990. Turkmenistan declared sovereignty on 22 August 1990. Tajikistan declared sovereignty on 25 August 1990. Armenia declared independence on 23 August 1990. Kazakhstan declared sovereignty on 25 October 1990.

Leningrad Viktor was born in the spring of '44 And never saw his father anymore A child of sacrifice, a child of war Another son who never had a father after Leningrad Went off to school and learned to serve the state Followed the rules and drank his vodka straight The only way to live was drown the hate A Russian life was very sad And such was life in Leningrad I was born in '49 A cold war kid in McCarthy time Stop 'em at the 38th Parallel Blast those yellow reds to hell And cold war kids were hard to kill Under their desk in an air raid drill Haven't they heard we won the war What do they keep on fighting for? Viktor was sent to some Red Army town Served out his time, became a circus clown The greatest happiness he'd ever found Was making Russian children glad And children lived in Leningrad But children lived in Levittown And hid in the shelters underground Until the Soviets turned their ships around And tore the Cuban missiles down And in that bright October sun We knew our childhood days were done And I watched my friends go off to war What do they keep on fighting for? And so my child, when I came to this place To meet him eye to eye and face to face He made my daughter laugh, then we embraced We never knew what friends we had Until we came to Leningrad

End of Cold War Global peace dividend (money can now go to humanitarian issues) New World Order What is the role of NATO, now that the Warsaw Pact and Soviet empire no longer exist

First test of new unipolar world Gulf War 1991 UN peacemaking Short war – influenced decision to go in 2003 Civil wars erupt (especially in Africa) Somalia Sudan Rwanda Uganda Liberia Sierra Leone Congo