Why do cells divide? Daily Question: Objective: No Gum Please! 04/02/18 Agenda Bell work vocabulary Gregor Mendel Materials: Notebook Pencil/pen Objective: Today we will discuss Gregor Mendel’s contributions to genetics. Daily Question: Why do cells divide?

Monday 4/2/2018 A Day Period 1 8:30-10:00 Period 2 10:03-11:33 Period 3 11:36-1:06 Lunch 1:06-1:36 Reteach 1:39-3:30

Cells are the basic units of life March/April Essential Question Learning Goal: I will be able to understand how organisms grow, reproduce and maintain themselves through cell division. 4 3 2 1 Student can analyze the circumstances in which mitosis and meiosis are used in living organisms. Student can understand by modeling the structure of DNA, cell cycle and Mitosis. Student can describe and classify the structure of DNA and cell division. Student can explain living organisms have cells, DNA, genes, and chromosomes.

Patterns of heredity can be predicted Learning Goal: I will be able to understand and recognize patterns in genetic traits. 4 3 2 1 Student can analyze a pedigree and re-organize into a Punnett square to check for genetic mutations. Student can understand the probability of inheriting genetic traits using and reading a Punnett square. Student can describe and classify dominant recessive genes, purebred, hybrid, homogenous, heterogeneous. Student can complete a Punnett square. Student can observe different traits amongst organisms.

Vocabulary-write in notebook 1. Allele Each member of a gene pair that determines a specific trait. 2. Genes Units of heredity; segments of DNA on chromosomes 3. Dominant Trait: A trait that is expressed when 2 alleles for the same trait are present (BB or Bb) “stronger trait”

Dominant/Recessive Vocabulary 4. Recessive Trait: A trait that seems to disappear when 2 alleles for the same trait are present (bb) “weaker trait” 5. Phenotype: Physical appearance (brown hair, green eyes) 6. Genotype: Gene makeup of an organism (RR, Rr, or rr)

Dominant/Recessive Vocabulary 7. Homozygous: Genotype with Identical alleles, same letters (RR = dominant, rr = recessive) Genotype with different alleles, but dominant one shows up (Bb always has the dominant phenotype). 8. Heterozygous:

Chapter 4 Vocabulary Heredity- Is the passing of genes from parents to offspring Punnett square- illustrates how the parents’ alleles might combine in offspring Genetics- is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

True-breeder: produces offspring with a particular trait when allowed to breed naturally. Has pure genes, “Pure bred.” Non-true-breeder: produces offspring that are not necessarily identical to itself, mixture of genes, “hybrid”. Trait- a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.

Heredity and Genetics NOTES

Parents And Offspring Are Similar Inherited Traits- Obtained from parents-passed down from generation to generation. Examples: Dimples, Freckles, Eye Color, Hair Color, Height, Body Type

Parents And Offspring Are Similar Acquired Traits- Not passed down from parents, LEARNED throughout your lifetime. (liking pizza, good with technology, outgoing, athletic)

Genes are on Chromosome Pairs Individuals inherit genes from PARENTS Genes are located on CHROMOSOMES Each parent contributes ONE gene for each trait Genes code for TRAITS Humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent

Let’s make a flip chart……. Fold “hot dog bun” way, long-way Cut 3 times on the top flap only You should have 4 flaps Vocabulary word will go on top, definition and picture goes inside

Nucleus – the “brain” of the cell contains the genetic materials of the cell controls growth, repair, and reproduction

Chromosome – found in the nucleus thread-like coils that contain DNA humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

DNA – molecule in the chromosome looks like a “twisted ladder”

Gene - a certain section of DNA

Nucleus Chromosome DNA Gene

Remember ? Nucleus Chromosome DNA Gene Never Chase Dirty Giraffes

Gregor Mendel’s Discoveries about Heredity He studied… How traits were inherited in pea plants! Mendel’s Conclusions Traits inherited in patterns Some traits were stronger than others

Alleles Interact to Produce Traits An allele is a different form of a gene Phenotype Physical or observable traits Ex: blue eyes, black hair, etc Phenotype is determined by GENOTYPE Genotype Gene pairs, or gene combo Represented by 2 letters (one for each allele) EX: Bb, TT, rr 2 alleles make a GENOTYPE Dominant Stronger trait, hides recessive trait Represented by A CAPITAL LETTER EX: B, T, R Recessive Weaker trait, sometimes hidden Represented by a lower case letter EX: b, t, r

“The Father of Genetics” GREGOR MENDEL “The Father of Genetics”

Austrian monk from the 1800’s. Studied over 30,000 specimens of pea plants during an 8 year period. He studied 7 characteristics of pea plants: Plant height (dwarf vs. tall) Flower & pod position (on side or top of stem) Seed shape (round or wrinkled) Seed color (green or yellow) Pod shape (inflated or constricted) Pod color (green or yellow) Flower color (white or purple)

Mendel’s 1st experiment crossed a true-breeding plant of regular height w/ a true-breeding plant of short height. All of the plants were of regular height. → 1st Generation. The short trait seemed to have disappeared.

Next, Mendel let the 1st generation self-pollinate w/ each other → 2nd Generation. 75% of the plants were regular height, 25% were short. He repeated this experiment for multiple traits – flower color, pod color, etc. He found that similar results were obtained in each experiment.

Heredity Video He realized that… Organisms must have 2 “factors” for each possible trait, one from each parent. Some traits can be masked by others. Heredity Video

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