Wireless for Miniaturized Consumer Electronics Part III: Bluetooth 16-Jan-2013 Fanny Mlinarsky

Outline History and evolution of Bluetooth Bluetooth protocol Applications Capabilities of available Bluetooth devices

Personal GSM, WCDMA, LTE 802.15 Bluetooth ZigBee 60 GHz UWB Wide (3GPP* based) TVWS 802.22 802.11af Regional NAN Metro 802.16 WiMAX 802.11ad 802.11 Wi-Fi Standards based unlicensed radios in use today are dominated by the IEEE standards. In the following few slides will discuss the highly successful 802.11 protocol for local area networking (LAN) and then we will look at the increasingly important 802.15 protocol for personal area networking (PAN). The WAN market is dominated by 3GPP standards. The Wide Area Networking is now dominated by LTE and we will also be discussing LTE today. So, as already mentioned 802.11 has been a highly successful standard that has gained world-wide acceptance and is now further propelled by the economies of scale to spread from its traditional local area networking domain to the MAN and PAN markets. NAN acronym has been introduced by the smart grid industry and refers to long range low data rate networks, such as networks of smart meters. In-between MAN and WAN we have the emerging Regional Area Networking technologies (RAN) operating in the UHF spectrum known as TV white spaces (TVWS). The RAN standardization efforts have began under 802.22, and now with emergence of white spaces regulations the work has extended to 802.11 TGaf where TV band standardization of 802.11 based protocol is moving fast. LAN = local area networking PAN = personal area networking MAN = metropolitan area networking WAN = wide area networking NAN = neighborhood area network RAN = regional area networking TVWS = television white spaces 3GPP = 3rd generation partnership project Local

IEEE 802.15 Standards 802.15.1: Adopted from Bluetooth SIG 802.15.4: Used by ZigBee 802.15.4g Smart Utility Networks (smart grid applications) 802.15.3: UWB WiMedia Alliance (disbanded); ECMA-368 802.15.3c (60 GHz) Basis for 802.11ad Common architecture, channelization and bandwidth sharing techniques with WirelessHD, ECMA-387 and draft 802.11ad As we have seen in the last few slides, IEEE 802.15 working group is the home of all the personal area networking standards. In summary, 802.15.1 had adapted the work done by the Bluetooth SIG. 802.15.4 MAC and PHY are used by ZigBee and other proprietary radio technologies. 802.15.3 worked on the ultra wideband standard until this work was terminated and the efforts later resumed under ECMA. 802.15.3c task group has created the 60 GHz short range interface targeted at multi-gigabit per second video transmission, also standardized under ECMA and now being used as foundational work by the 802.11 TG ad for their VHT 60 GHz interface. The active task groups include Task Group 4f – RFID Task Group 4g – Smart Utility Neighborhood Task Group 6 – Body Area Networks Task Group 7 – Visible Light Communication IGthz - Interest Group THz IG – Terahertz The 802.15.2 group was responsible for developing coexistence specifications and is now in hibernation. --- IEEE 802.15.2-2003 IEEE Recommended Practice for Telecommunications and Information exchange between systems – Local and metropolitan area networks Specific Requirements - Part 15.2: Coexistence of Wireless Personal Area Networks with Other Wireless Devices Operating in Unlicensed Frequency Band – coexistance task group The task group is now in hibernation until further notice. http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/ UWB = ultra wide band

802.15.1 Spec developed by Bluetooth SIG; v1.1 adopted by 802.15.1 Prior to v4.0 1 MHz 26 dB -20 dBm -40 dBm 3 MHz Spec developed by Bluetooth SIG; v1.1 adopted by 802.15.1 Signaling: 1 mega-symbol per second GFSK AFH across all 79 channels to avoid interference Two modes are defined: BR (mandatory) of 1 Mbps EDR of 2 or 3 Mbps Operates in the ISM-2400 band Bluetooth is a short-range technology designed to support radio links up to about 30 feet between peripheral devices and their hosts. It’s most popular application today is linking headsets to cellular phones for hands-free operation. The Bluetooth specification was developed by the Bluetooth SIG and later adapted by 802.15.1. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and has been known to interfere with Wi-Fi. Bit rate of a reference signal is 1 Mbps but the actual throughput will vary based on coding rate which in turn depends on channel conditions. The latest release of Bluetooth, Bluetooth 4.0, supports transport over Wi-Fi networks, which is handy when transferring large multimedia files. When battery efficiency becomes more important than speed the Bluetooth connection returns to normal operation. RF channels are spaced 1 MHz and are ordered by channel number k: f=2402+k MHz, k=0,…,78 SIG = Special Interest Group AFH = adaptive frequency hopping BR = basic rate EDR = enhanced data rate GFSK = Gaussian frequency shift keying

V4.0 BT LE Improved LE PHY: 1 Mbps GFSK Larger modulation index (better range) than Bluetooth BR 40 Channels with 2 MHz spacing BT = Bluetooth LE = low energy BR = basic rate GFSK = Gaussian frequency shift keying Source: http://chapters.comsoc.org/vancouver/BTLER3.pdf

Wi-Fi Channels at 2.4 GHz

Bluetooth Evolution v1.2 v2.0 + EDR v2.1 + EDR V3.0 + HS V4.0 + LE November 2003 November 2004 July 2007 April 2009 June 2010 Cell phone, headsets, notebooks, car kits, printers, GPS, cameras, MP3 players New applications include: stereo headphones, sunglasses, radios, picture frames, PMPs New applications include: high speed data transfers and video downloads New features: LE PHY and Link layer; low latency MAC; LE direct test mode; AES 2.4-2.4835 GHz AFH across 79 channels at 1600 hops per second 2.4-2.4835 GHz AFH or 802.11 channels 2.4-2.4835 GHz AFH 40 chan, 2MHz each Class 1: 100 meter (100 mW); Class 2: 10 meter (2.5 mW); Class 3: 1 meter (1 mW) 100 mW, 1W, 4W 0.01 mW (-20 dBm) to 10 mW (+10 dBm) GFSK (1 Mbps) GFSK (1Mbps), π/4 DQPSK (2 Mbps), 8DPSK (3 Mbps) OFDM with BPSK, QPSK,16-128QAM GFSK TDMA multiple access (+ CSMA/CA for HS) Manual pairing and security settings Automatic discovery/security settings via SSP AES 5x Battery life LE protocol & PHY GFSK = Gaussian frequency shift keying π/4 DQPSK = pi/4 rotated differential quaternary phase shift keying 8DPSK = 8 phase differential phase shift keying AFH = adaptive frequency hopping MAC = medium access control LE = low energy EDR = enhanced data rate HS = high speed SSP = secure simple pairing AES = advanced encryption standard

Bluetooth Topologies Source: Bluetooth SIG Core_V3.0 + HS document, 21-Apr-09

Bluetooth Piconet Up to 7 slaves can be active in the piconet; many more slaves can remain connected in a parked state. Parked slaves are not active on the channel, but remain synchronized to the master and can become active without using the connection establishment procedure. If multiple piconets cover the same area, a device can participate in two or more overlapping piconets via time multiplexing. A device can act as a slave in several piconets, but as a master in only one piconet. Piconets with the same master are synchronized and use the same hopping sequence and are therefore considered the same piconet. A group of piconets in which connections exist between different piconets is called a scatternet.

Bluetooth Scatternet Piconets that have common devices are called a scatternet. Each piconet has one master. Slaves can participate in different piconets on a time-division multiplex basis. A master in one piconet can be a slave in other piconets. Piconets are not frequency synchronized and each piconet has its own hopping sequence.

Bluetooth Markets Key markets: Mobile phones Headsets and ‘ car kits’ MacBook Air, Mac Mini and iPhone 4S use Bluetooth 4.0. Key markets: Mobile phones Headsets and ‘ car kits’ Video games PC & peripherals Remote controls Automotive Medical devices Sports & fitness Smart home

Bluetooth 3.0 Architecture AMP adds 802.11 as a high speed transport. The High-Speed part of the specification is optional; only devices sporting the "+HS" can run Bluetooth over Wi-Fi data transfer. AMP = alternative MAC and PHY L2CAP = logical link control and adaptation protocol HCI = host controller interface PAL = protocol adaptation layer MAC = medium access control PHY = physical layer

Bluetooth 4.0 Architecture Applications Generic access profile Generic attribute profile Attribute protocol Security manager Host Logical link control and Adaptation protocol Host Controller Interface Link layer Direct test mode Controller BLE PHY

Bluetooth 4.0 Summary Bluetooth LE standard released June 2010; backward-compatible with all other versions of Bluetooth Applications include Connecting devices like pedometers, heart rate straps, blood glucose monitors directly to phones or computers equipped with Bluetooth Optimized for infrequent transmission of small data bursts via a mobile phone Not designed for streaming or high data rates applications Other potential use is for a wireless payment system similar to NFC. Nordic Semi nRF8001 

ZigBee Architecture Coordinators Routers End devices Coordinator Control the formation and security of networks Routers Extend the range of networks Route messages Perform functions of end devices End devices Perform specific sensing or control functions Coordinator Router End device Information flow Central devices such as light fixtures, thermostats and air conditioners could be configured as routers. Devices such as light switches and security sensors could be end devices. Source: ZigBee Alliance http://www.zigbee.org/Specifications/ZigBee/NetworkTopology.aspx

ZigBee Radio Architecture Short range, low power and low data rate wireless applications ZigBee protocol stack is layered on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and PHY Two PHY layers that operate in the 868/915 MHz and 2.4 GHz ISM bands with a total of 27 channels No backwards compatibility among ZigBee protocol generations ZigBee Protocol (ZigBee 2006/2007 or ZigBee Pro) IEEE 802.15.4 MAC IEEE 802.15.4 PHY 2.4 GHz 868/915 MHz Spreading code is a 15-chip m-sequence. • Chip modulation is BPSK at. ▪ 868 MHz Band: 300 kchips/s. ▪ 915 MHz Band: 600 kchips/s. 802.15.4 Modulation ... ZigBee protocol, developed by the ZibBee Alliance, targets low data rate power efficient applications such as smart metering, industrial controls, building automation networks, medical devices and other such applications. ZigBee uses the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and PHY layers. ZigBee operates in the 868/915 MHz and 2.4 GHz ISM bands. The bit rate of 802.15.4 depends on the frequency of operation and ranges from 20 to 250 kbps. As usual, the actual data throughput is less than the bit rate due to packet overhead and processing delays. There are several ZigBee protocol layers on the market, including ZigBee 2006/2007 and ZigBee Pro. These versions of the protocol may not be interoperable. ------ ZigBee profile 1: ZigBee 2006, ZigBee 2007 or just ZigBee – supports mesh and tree routing; cost effective ZigBee profile 2: ZigBee Pro – later addition (added in 2007); no tree routing; source routing to deal with gateways and data concentrators; costs more; larger networks Data rates: 250, 40 and 20 kbps IEEE 802.15.4™ specifications: http://standards.ieee.org/catalog/ ZigBee specifications: www.zigbee.org Source: ZigBee Specification Document 053474r17 MAC = medium access control PHY = physical layer

Bluetooth LE vs. ZigBee ZigBee Bluetooth LE Older protocol with more (non-interoperable) versions Market mindshare but not much shipment (not in PCs or mobile phones yet) Presence in big existing markets (phones, automotive, consumer, etc.) Low power Lower power, depending on application Simple stack GATT is simple and profile specific stack GATT = generic attribute profile

NFC Poster Key benefit: simplicity of use Use cases include No configuration by user; data stored in NFC tag automatically triggers application Use cases include Poster: NFC tag in the poster automatically triggers the appropriate application in the reading device (e.g. URL stored in poster opens browser on handset) Mobile payments: Pay with NFC phones at POS terminals; store vouchers and coupons in NFC phones Authentication, access control Unlock car doors Secure building access Secure PC log-in Point of Sale (POS) terminal for mobile payments NFC = near field communications POS = point of sale

NFC Technology and Standards Jointly developed in 2002 by NXP Semiconductors (formerly Philips), Infineon and Sony. Centered on 13.56 MHz Up to 424 kbps over 10 centimeters Communications between NFC-capable devices can be active-active (peer-to-peer) or active-passive Backwards compatible with Smart Card infrastructure based on ISO/IEC 14443 (e. g. NXP's MIFARE technology); Sony FeliCa card (JIS X 6319-4) NFC data exchange protocol is defined in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092

Summary Bluetooth by all measures is a successful wireless technology next to Wi-Fi Serves low power short range applications BT 4.0 LE, now in all new implementations, seems competitive with alternatives such as ZigBee, NFC and Wi-Fi when it comes to low power short range short messaging applications NFC = near field communications

Next Session Part IV: Standards-based vs. proprietary wireless implementations Thursday, January 17th 2013 12 pm EST Visit octoScope publications for more material