EARTH SCIENCE ES03 - Oceanography

Bell Ringer  Create a nickname for our planet in the solar system based on what you know and have learned about Earth. Then explain the reasoning behind your nickname.

Bell Ringer Have out your article and be studying for your quiz!

Bell Ringer Grab a Chromebook and be logged in so that you can complete your Tides Webquest from yesterday.

Bell Ringer  Based on the food web, what might occur if you were to remove the fish from the ecosystem

Bell Ringer  Study for your Test

Bell Ringer  Why do hurricanes seem to always travel the same path as they approach NC from the coast of Africa?

Oceanography The Blue Planet  Oceanography is a science that draws on many different methods to study all aspects of the oceans.

Oceanography The Blue Planet Nearly 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by the global oceans. 97% of Earth’s water is contained within the global oceans.

Oceanography Geography of the Oceans The world ocean can be divided into five main ocean basins: Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean.

World Oceans

Oceanography Mapping the Ocean Floor  Bathymetry is the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the shape of the ocean floor.

The Topography of the Ocean Makes no sense without caption in book

Oceanography Mapping the Ocean Floor  Sonar It is also referred to as echo sounding. It Works by transmitting sound waves toward the ocean bottom.

Oceanography Mapping the Ocean Floor  Satellites Satellites are able to measure small differences by bouncing microwaves off the ocean surface. Scientists have discovered that the ocean surface is not perfectly flat.

Oceanography Mapping the Ocean Floor  Submersibles Submersibles are small underwater crafts used for deep-sea research. Submersibles are typically unmanned and operated remotely by computers.

Manned Submersibles

14.1 The Vast World Ocean

Oceanography Describe the process of how SONAR works.

Oceanography Continental Margins A continental margin is the zone between a continent and the adjacent ocean floor. It contains the continental shelf, the continental slope, and the continental rise.

Continental Margin Makes no sense without caption in book

Oceanography Ocean Floor Basin  The ocean floor basin is the area of the deep-ocean floor between the continental margin and the oceanic ridge.

Oceanography Mid-Ocean Ridges A mid-ocean ridge is found near the center of most ocean basins. It is a system of underwater mountains that have formed on newly created ocean crust.

Oceanography Mid-Ocean Ridges  Seafloor Spreading Seafloor spreading is the process by which the Earth produces new ocean floor at ocean ridges.

Oceanography Mid-Ocean Ridges  Seafloor Spreading New ocean floor is formed at mid-ocean ridges as magma rises between the open surface and cools.

Seafloor Spreading

14.3 Seafloor Sediments Types of Seafloor Sediments  Ocean-floor sediments can be classified according to their origin into three broad categories: terrigenous sediment, biogenous sediment, and hydrogenous sediment.  Terrigenous Sediment Terrigenous sediments consist primarily of mineral grains that were eroded from continental rocks and transported to the ocean.

14.3 Seafloor Sediments Types of Seafloor Sediments  Biogenous Sediment Biogenous sediments consist of shells and skeletons of marine animals and algae. - Calcareous ooze is thick, common biogenous sediment produced by dissolving calcium carbonate shells. - Siliceous ooze is biogenous sediment composed of silica-based shells of single-celled animals and algae.

14.3 Seafloor Sediments Types of Seafloor Sediments  Hydrogenous Sediment Hydrogenous sediment consists of minerals that crystallize directly from ocean water through various chemical reactions.

Biogenous Sediments Radiolaria Foraminifera Makes no sense without caption in book

Oceanography Energy Resources  Oil and natural gas are the main energy products being obtained from the ocean floor.

Oceanography Other Resources  Sand and Gravel The offshore sand-and-gravel industry is second in economic value only to the oil & natural gas industry.

Sea Salt Distillation Plant Makes no sense without caption in book

Oceanography Do you think the salt in the ocean is increasing or decreasing over time, and why?

Oceanography Salinity  Salinity is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water.  Most of the salt in seawater is sodium chloride (NaCl), common table salt.

Oceanography Salinity  Sources of Sea Salt • The major source of salt is the chemical weathering of rocks on the continents. • The 2nd major source is from Earth’s interior.

Oceanography Salinity  Processes Affecting Salinity • Processes that decrease salinity: - Precipitation - Sea ice melting - Icebergs melting - Runoff from land

Oceanography Salinity  Processes Affecting Salinity • Processes that increase salinity: - Evaporation - Formation of sea ice

15.1 The Composition of Seawater Ocean Temperature Variation 15.1 The Composition of Seawater  The ocean’s surface water temperature varies with the amount of solar radiation received, which is primarily a function of latitude.  Temperature Variation with Depth • The thermocline is the layer of ocean water where there is a rapid change of temperature with depth. • The thermocline is a very important structure because it creates a barrier to marine life.

15.1 The Composition of Seawater Ocean Density Variation 15.1 The Composition of Seawater  Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It can be thought of as a measure of how heavy something is for its size.  Factors Affecting Seawater Density • Seawater density is influenced by two main factors: salinity and temperature.

Oceanography Ocean Density Variation  Density Variation with Depth • The pycnocline is the layer of ocean water where there is a rapid change of density with depth.

Salt Lab Makes no sense without caption in book

Bell Ringer  Explain where the salt in the ocean comes from?

Bell Ringer  If the ocean was broken down into different “zones” due to salinity levels, how could this affect the living organisms in the ocean. Explain your answer in 2-3 sentences.

Oceanography Surface Circulation  Ocean current is the mass of ocean water that flows from one place to another.

Oceanography Surface Circulation  Surface Currents • Surface currents are movements of water that flow horizontally in the upper part of the ocean’s surface, develop from friction between the ocean and the wind.

Ocean Surface Currents Makes no sense without caption in book

Oceanography Surface Circulation  Gyres • Gyres are huge circular-moving current systems that dominate the surfaces of the oceans.

The Pacific Plastic Gyre Makes no sense without caption in book

Oceanography Surface Circulation  Ocean Currents and Climate • When currents from low-latitude regions move into higher latitudes, they transfer heat from warmer to cooler areas on Earth. • As cold water currents travel toward the equator, they help moderate the warm temperatures of adjacent land areas.

False-Colored Satellite Image of the Gulf Stream Makes no sense without caption in book

Ocean Surface Currents Makes no sense without caption in book

Oceanography Surface Circulation  Upwelling • Upwelling is the rise of cold water from deeper layers to replace warmer surface water. • Upwelling brings greater concentrations of dissolved nutrients to the ocean surface.

Oceanography Deep-Ocean Circulation  A Conveyor Belt • In a simplified model, ocean circulation is similar to a conveyor belt that travels from the Atlantic Ocean, through the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and back again.

Deep Ocean Circulation

Bell Ringer  What can you infer from this picture about tides and the ocean?

Oceanography Waves  Wave Characteristics • Most ocean waves obtain their energy and motion from the wind.

Oceanography Waves  Breaking Waves • Changes occur as a wave moves onto shore. • As the waves touch bottom, wave speed decreases. The decrease in wave speed results in a decrease in wavelength and an increase in wave height.

Oceanography Forces Acting on the Shoreline  A beach is the accumulation of sediment found along the shore of a lake or ocean.  Waves along the shoreline are constantly eroding, transporting, and depositing sediment.

Oceanography Forces Acting on the Shoreline  Abrasion • Abrasion is the sawing and grinding action of rock fragments in the water. • Abrasion is probably more intense in the surf zone than in any other environment.

Oceanography Stabilizing the Shore  Beach Nourishment • Beach nourishment is the addition of large quantities of sand to the beach system.

Oceanography Depositional Features  Barrier Islands • Barrier islands are narrow sandbars parallel to, but separate from, the coast at distances from 3 to 30 kilometers offshore.

Tides Oceanography  Tides are daily changes in the elevation of the ocean surface.  Ocean tides result from the gravitational attraction exerted upon Earth by the moon and, to a lesser extent, by the sun.

Oceanography Tides  Tide Cycle • Tidal range is the difference in height between successive high and low tides.

Oceanography Tides  Tide Cycle • Spring tides are tides that have the greatest tidal range due to the alignment of the Earth–moon–sun system.

Oceanography Tides  Tide Cycle • Neap tides are tides that have the lowest tidal range, occurring near the times of the first-quarter and third-quarter phases of the moon.

Earth–Moon–Sun Positions and the Tides Makes no sense without caption in book

Bell Ringer Describe an organism you know about that lives in the ocean. Describe the following about your organism: What it looks like Where it lives in the ocean What it eats What eats it

Oceanography Classification of Marine Organisms  Marine organisms can be classified according to where they live and how they move.

Oceanography

Oceanography Classification of Marine Organisms  Plankton • Plankton include all organisms—algae, animals, and bacteria—that drift with ocean currents.

Oceanography Classification of Marine Organisms  Nekton • Nekton include all animals capable of moving by swimming or other means of propulsion.

Oceanography Classification of Marine Organisms  Benthos • Benthos describes organisms living on or in the ocean bottom.

Classify each as either: plankton, nekton, or benthos Makes no sense without caption in book

Oceanography Oceanic Feeding Relationships  Trophic Level A trophic level is a level in a food chain. Producers are organisms that use photsynthesis to make energy. Examples: Plants and algae

Oceanography Oceanic Feeding Relationships  Trophic Level Consumers are organisms that eat other organisms to obtain their energy. Consumers can be broken down into three main categories: Herbivores – eat plants Carnivores – eat meat Omnivores – eat both plant and meat

Oceanography Oceanic Feeding Relationships  Food Chains • A food chain is a sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred, starting with the primary producer.

Oceanography Oceanic Feeding Relationships  Food Webs • A food web is a group of interrelated food chains. • Animals that feed through a food web instead of a food chain are more likely to survive because they have alternative foods to eat should one of their food sources diminish or disappear.